removed tests

testing

.github/workflows/maven.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+name: Java CI with Maven
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  push:
+    branches: [ "dev", "cleanup" ]
+    tags:
+      - 'v*.*.*'
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ "main" ]
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Set up JDK 17
+      uses: actions/setup-java@v4
+      with:
+        java-version: '17'
+        distribution: 'temurin'
+        cache: maven
+    - name: Build with Maven
+      run: mvn -B package
+      working-directory: main
+    - name: Upload built JAR
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      with:
+        name: package
+        path: main/target/*.jar
+    - name: Generate dependency graph
+      run: mvn -B -f main/pom.xml com.github.ferstl:depgraph-maven-plugin:4.0.1:graph
+    - name: Upload dependency graph artifact
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      with:
+        name: dependency-graph
+        path: main/target/**
+
+  build-windows:
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Set up JDK 17
+      uses: actions/setup-java@v4
+      with:
+        java-version: '17'
+        distribution: 'temurin'
+        cache: maven
+    - name: Build with Maven (Skip Tests)
+      run: mvn -B package -DskipTests
+      working-directory: main
+    - name: Create JPackage App Image
+      shell: pwsh
+      run: |
+        New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path "dist"
+        jpackage --name "DTSS" `
+          --input main/target `
+          --main-jar main-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar `
+          --dest dist `
+          --type app-image `
+          --win-console
+    - name: Inject java.exe
+      shell: pwsh
+      run: |
+        $javaPath = (Get-Command java).Source
+        Copy-Item -Path $javaPath -Destination "dist/DTSS/runtime/bin/"
+    - name: Zip Windows Release
+      shell: pwsh
+      run: |
+        Compress-Archive -Path "dist/DTSS" -DestinationPath "dist/DTSS-Windows.zip"
+    - name: Upload Windows Artifact
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      with:
+        name: windows-package
+        path: dist/DTSS-Windows.zip
+
+  publish-release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [build, build-windows]
+    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+    - name: Download Linux JAR
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      with:
+        name: package
+        path: main/target/
+    - name: Download Windows Zip
+      uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      with:
+        name: windows-package
+        path: windows-dist/
+    - name: Create GitHub Release
+      uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+      with:
+        tag_name: ${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && github.ref_name || 'snapshot-build' }}
+        name: ${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && github.ref_name || 'Manual Snapshot Build' }}
+        draft: false
+        prerelease: true
+        make_latest: false
+        files: |
+          main/target/*.jar
+          windows-dist/*.zip

.gitignore

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 
 # Log files
 *.log
+*.trace
+logs
+*.md
 
 # BlueJ files
 *.ctxt
@@ -48,3 +51,6 @@ build/
 # Other
 *.swp
 *.pdf
+
+# JAR built pom file
+dependency-reduced-pom.xml

TODO.md

@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-### Compreender os Conceitos Fundamentais
-
-Primeiro, as tecnologias e paradigmas chave necessários para este projeto devem ser totalmente compreendidos.
-
-- **Processos vs. Threads:** O projeto especifica o uso de ambos.
-    
-    - **Processos (para Cruzamentos)** são programas independentes, cada um com o seu próprio espaço de memória. Em Java, cada cruzamento será provavelmente executado como uma aplicação Java separada (uma instância distinta da JVM).
-        
-    - **Threads (para Semáforos)** existem _dentro_ de um processo e partilham memória. Isto é adequado para os semáforos, pois eles precisam de ser coordenados e partilhar dados (como filas de veículos) dentro do mesmo cruzamento.
-        
-- **Comunicação Entre Processos (IPC - Inter-Process Communication):** Como os cruzamentos são processos separados, é necessário um método para que eles comuniquem. **Sockets** são o método especificado. Quando um veículo sai de um cruzamento (ex: `Cr1`) e vai para outro (ex: `Cr2`), o processo `Cr1` precisa de enviar uma mensagem contendo os dados do veículo para o processo `Cr2` através de uma conexão por socket.
-    
-- **Simulação de Eventos Discretos (DES - Discrete-Event Simulation):** Este é o paradigma de simulação que deve ser utilizado. Em vez de o tempo fluir continuamente, o relógio da simulação salta de um evento para o seguinte.
-    
-    - Um **evento** é um objeto que representa algo que acontece num ponto específico no tempo (ex: "Veículo A chega ao Cr2 no tempo 15.7s").
-        
-    - Uma **lista de eventos** central, frequentemente uma fila de prioridades, será necessária para armazenar eventos futuros, ordenados pelo seu timestamp. O ciclo principal da simulação retira o próximo evento da lista, processa-o e adiciona quaisquer novos eventos que resultem dele.
-        
-- **Processo de Poisson:** Para o modelo "mais realista" de chegadas de veículos, é especificado um processo de Poisson. A principal conclusão é que o tempo _entre_ chegadas consecutivas de veículos segue uma **distribuição exponencial**. Em Java, este intervalo pode ser gerado usando `Math.log(1 - Math.random()) / -lambda`, onde `lambda` (λi​) é a taxa de chegada especificada.
-    
-
----
-
-### Uma Sugestão de Arquitetura de Alto Nível
-
-Abaixo, é apresentada uma possível estrutura para a aplicação distribuída. Pode ser vista como um conjunto de programas independentes que comunicam através de uma rede.
-
-1. **Processo Coordenador/Gerador (1 Processo):**
-    
-    - **Propósito:** Iniciar a simulação, gerar veículos e gerir o relógio global da simulação ou os critérios de paragem.
-        
-    - **Responsabilidades:**
-        
-        - Lê a configuração da simulação (ex: carga de tráfego λi​, tempos dos semáforos).
-            
-        - Gera veículos de acordo com o modelo selecionado (intervalo fixo ou processo de Poisson).
-            
-        - Atribui a cada novo veículo um percurso com base na distribuição uniforme especificada.
-            
-        - Injeta o veículo no sistema enviando uma mensagem para o primeiro processo de cruzamento no seu percurso (ex: de um ponto de entrada E1 para Cr1).
-            
-2. **Processos de Cruzamento (5 Processos):**
-    
-    - **Propósito:** Simular cada cruzamento (`Cr1` a `Cr5`) como um processo distinto.
-        
-    - **Responsabilidades:**
-        
-        - Escuta por veículos a chegar de outros processos.
-            
-        - Gere as filas de veículos para os seus semáforos.
-            
-        - Executa múltiplas **threads de Semáforo** internamente.
-            
-        - Coordena estas threads para garantir que apenas uma direção de tráfego está aberta a cada momento.
-            
-        - Quando um veículo atravessa, é encaminhado para o processo seguinte no seu percurso.
-            
-        - Envia periodicamente as suas estatísticas (ex: comprimentos atuais das filas) para o Servidor do Dashboard.
-            
-3. **Processo de Nó de Saída (1 Processo):**
-    
-    - **Propósito:** Representar o ponto de saída `S` e atuar como um coletor de dados para estatísticas globais.
-        
-    - **Responsabilidades:**
-        
-        - Recebe veículos que completaram o seu percurso.
-            
-        - Calcula métricas globais como o tempo total de viagem (tempo de permanência) para cada veículo.
-            
-        - Agrega e calcula as estatísticas finais (ex: tempo de viagem mínimo, máximo e médio por tipo de veículo).
-            
-        - Envia estas estatísticas globais para o Servidor do Dashboard.
-            
-4. **Processo do Servidor do Dashboard (1 Processo):**
-    
-    - **Propósito:** Agregar e exibir todos os dados da simulação em tempo real.
-        
-    - **Responsabilidades:**
-        
-        - Abre um socket de servidor e escuta por dados a chegar de todos os processos de Cruzamento e de Saída.
-            
-        - Armazena e atualiza as estatísticas à medida que chegam.
-            
-        - Apresenta os dados numa interface de utilizador, que deve exibir métricas e ser atualizada durante a simulação.
-            
-
----
-
-### Plano
-
-Nem tudo deve ser construído de uma só vez. Os seguintes passos incrementais são recomendados.
-
-#### **Passo 1: Modelação e Classes Principais (Não-distribuído)**
-
-Antes de escrever qualquer lógica complexa, as estruturas de dados devem ser definidas. Devem ser criados Plain Old Java Objects (POJOs) para:
-
-- `Veiculo`: Com atributos como um identificador único, tipo, tempo de entrada e o percurso realizado. Deve ser tornado `Serializable` para que possa ser enviado através de sockets.
-    
-- `Evento`: Com atributos como um timestamp e o tipo de evento (ex: `VEHICLE_ARRIVAL`), bem como dados associados.
-    
-- `Semaforo`: Para conter o seu estado (`VERDE`/`VERMELHO`) e a fila de veículos.
-    
-- `Cruzamento`: Para conter os seus semáforos e a lógica operacional.
-    
-
-#### **Passo 2: Construir um Protótipo de Processo Único**
-
-Este é um passo crucial. Sockets e processos devem ser deixados de lado por agora para construir toda a simulação numa única aplicação Java.
-
-- Deve ser criado um ciclo de simulação central baseado numa fila de prioridades para objetos `Evento`.
-    
-- Todos os objetos `Cruzamento` e `Semaforo` devem ser instanciados.
-    
-- A lógica principal deve ser tornada funcional: veículos a moverem-se entre filas, semáforos a mudar de estado e estatísticas básicas a serem recolhidas.
-    
-- **Objetivo:** Uma simulação totalmente funcional e não-distribuída. Isto torna a depuração significativamente mais fácil.
-    
-
-#### **Passo 3: Distribuir os Cruzamentos**
-
-O protótipo pode agora ser convertido num sistema distribuído.
-
-- A classe `Cruzamento` deve ser tornada executável como uma aplicação Java autónoma (com um método `main`). Serão lançadas cinco instâncias, uma para cada cruzamento.
-    
-- Devem ser configurados sockets TCP para comunicação. Cada processo de cruzamento precisa de saber o endereço/porta dos vizinhos para os quais pode enviar veículos.
-    
-- Um **protocolo de comunicação** claro deve ser definido. Por exemplo, quando `Cr1` envia um veículo para `Cr2`, o objeto `Veiculo` é serializado e escrito no socket conectado a `Cr2`. O processo `Cr2` terá uma thread dedicada para escutar estas conexões de entrada.
-    
-
-#### **Passo 4: Implementar as Threads dos Semáforos**
-
-Dentro de cada processo `Cruzamento`, os semáforos devem ser implementados como threads.
-
-- O principal desafio aqui é a **sincronização**. As threads dos semáforos num único cruzamento partilham as filas de veículos.
-    
-- As ferramentas de concorrência do Java (como `synchronized`, `ReentrantLock`, `Semaphore`) devem ser usadas para garantir que apenas um semáforo pode estar verde para um percurso conflituante e que o acesso às filas partilhadas é seguro (thread-safe).
-    
-
-#### **Passo 5: Implementar o Dashboard**
-
-- O processo `DashboardServer` deve ser criado. Ele irá escutar numa porta específica por estatísticas a chegar.
-    
-- Nos processos `Cruzamento` e `Saida`, deve ser adicionado um mecanismo para enviar periodicamente um resumo das suas estatísticas atuais para o Servidor do Dashboard.
-    
-- A UI deve ser construída para exibir estes dados em tempo real.
-    
-
-#### **Passo 6: Testes e Análise**
-
-Assim que o sistema completo estiver a funcionar, as experiências exigidas pela descrição do projeto podem ser realizadas.
-
-- A simulação deve ser executada com diferentes taxas de chegada de veículos para simular cargas baixas, médias e altas.
-    
-- Diferentes políticas de temporização dos semáforos devem ser testadas para medir o seu impacto no congestionamento.
-    
-- Diferentes algoritmos de seleção de percurso e o seu impacto no desempenho do sistema devem ser avaliados.
-    
-- Para cada cenário, a simulação deve ser executada várias vezes para recolher estatísticas fiáveis (médias, desvios padrão, intervalos de confiança), conforme solicitado.
-    
-
-#### **Passo 7: Escrever o Relatório**
-
-À medida que cada passo é concluído, deve ser documentado. Isto tornará a escrita do relatório final muito mais fácil. Todos os pontos mencionados nas secções "Entrega" e "Critérios de Avaliação" devem ser abordados.
-
----
-
-### OBS:
-
-- **Começar de Forma Simples:** O protótipo de processo único (Passo 2) evitará grandes dificuldades mais tarde.
-    
-- **Protocolo de Comunicação:** O protocolo de mensagens deve ser definido o mais cedo possível. A informação exata que um processo envia para outro deve ser clara//simples//consistente.
-    
-- **Debugging:** Debugging de sistemas distribuídos podem ser difíceis. Uma framework de logging (como Log4j 2 ou SLF4J) pode ser usada para registar eventos//alterações de estado nos diferentes processos.
-    
-- **Configuração:** Valores como endereços IP, números de porta ou parâmetros da simulação não devem ser "hardcoded". Um ficheiro de configuração (ex: um ficheiro `.properties` ou `.json`) torna a aplicação mais fácil de executar e testar.

main/pom.xml

@@ -11,6 +11,79 @@
     <properties>
         <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
         <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
+        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
     </properties>
 
+    <dependencies>
+        <!-- JUnit 5 for testing -->
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
+            <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
+            <version>5.10.0</version>
+            <scope>test</scope>
+        </dependency>
+
+        <!-- Gson for JSON serialization -->
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId>
+            <artifactId>gson</artifactId>
+            <version>2.10.1</version>
+        </dependency>
+
+        <!-- JavaFX for UI -->
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
+            <artifactId>javafx-controls</artifactId>
+            <version>17.0.2</version>
+        </dependency>
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
+            <artifactId>javafx-fxml</artifactId>
+            <version>17.0.2</version>
+        </dependency>
+    </dependencies>
+
+    <build>
+        <plugins>
+            <!-- Maven Exec Plugin for running examples -->
+            <plugin>
+                <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
+                <artifactId>exec-maven-plugin</artifactId>
+                <version>3.1.0</version>
+                <configuration>
+                    <mainClass>sd.dashboard.Launcher</mainClass>
+                </configuration>
+            </plugin>
+            <!-- JavaFX Maven Plugin -->
+            <plugin>
+                <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
+                <artifactId>javafx-maven-plugin</artifactId>
+                <version>0.0.8</version>
+                <configuration>
+                    <mainClass>sd.dashboard.Launcher</mainClass>
+                </configuration>
+            </plugin>
+            <plugin>
+                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+                <artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
+                <version>3.5.2</version>
+                <executions>
+                    <execution>
+                        <phase>package</phase>
+                        <goals>
+                            <goal>shade</goal>
+                        </goals>
+                        <configuration>
+                            <transformers>
+                                <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
+                                    <mainClass>sd.dashboard.Launcher</mainClass>
+                                </transformer>
+                            </transformers>
+                        </configuration>
+                    </execution>
+                </executions>
+            </plugin>
+        </plugins>
+    </build>
+
 </project>

main/src/main/java/sd/Entry.java

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-package sd;
-
-public class Entry {
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        System.out.println("Hello, World!");
-    }
-}

main/src/main/java/sd/ExitNodeProcess.java

@@ -0,0 +1,557 @@
+package sd;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import sd.config.SimulationConfig;
+import sd.coordinator.SocketClient;
+import sd.dashboard.StatsUpdatePayload;
+import sd.des.DESEventType;
+import sd.des.EventQueue;
+import sd.des.SimulationClock;
+import sd.des.SimulationEvent;
+import sd.logging.EventLogger;
+import sd.logging.EventType;
+import sd.logging.VehicleTracer;
+import sd.model.Message;
+import sd.model.MessageType;
+import sd.model.Vehicle;
+import sd.model.VehicleType;
+import sd.protocol.MessageProtocol;
+import sd.protocol.SocketConnection;
+
+/**
+ * Destino final de todos os veículos da simulação (nó de saída S).
+ * 
+ * <p>Opera como sumidouro da rede:
+ * <ol>
+ * <li>Recebe veículos que completaram a viagem
+ * <li>Regista estatísticas finais (tempo total, espera, travessia)
+ * <li>Envia métricas ao dashboard em tempo real
+ * </ol>
+ * 
+ * <p>Participa no DES rastreando eventos, mas opera principalmente
+ * de forma reativa, aguardando chegadas via socket.
+ */
+public class ExitNodeProcess {
+
+    private final SimulationConfig config;
+    private ServerSocket serverSocket;
+    private final ExecutorService connectionHandlerPool;
+
+    // DES components
+    private final SimulationClock clock;
+    private final EventQueue eventQueue;
+    private final EventLogger eventLogger;
+    private Thread eventProcessorThread;
+
+    /** Flag de controlo (volatile para visibilidade entre threads) */
+    private volatile boolean running;
+
+    /** Instante de início da simulação (milissegundos) */
+    private long simulationStartMillis;
+
+    /** Contador de veículos que completaram a rota */
+    private int totalVehiclesReceived;
+
+    /** Tempo acumulado no sistema de todos os veículos */
+    private double totalSystemTime;
+
+    /** Tempo acumulado em espera de todos os veículos */
+    private double totalWaitingTime;
+
+    /** Tempo acumulado em travessia de todos os veículos */
+    private double totalCrossingTime;
+
+    /** Contagem de veículos por tipo */
+    private final Map<VehicleType, Integer> vehicleTypeCount;
+
+    /** Tempo de espera acumulado por tipo de veículo */
+    private final Map<VehicleType, Double> vehicleTypeWaitTime;
+
+    /** Cliente socket para envio de estatísticas ao dashboard */
+    private SocketClient dashboardClient;
+
+    /**
+     * Ponto de entrada do processo.
+     * 
+     * @param args args[0] (opcional) = caminho do ficheiro de configuração
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+        System.out.println("EXIT NODE PROCESS");
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+
+        try {
+            EventLogger.getInstance().log(EventType.PROCESS_STARTED, "ExitNode", "Exit node process started");
+
+            String configFile = args.length > 0 ? args[0] : "src/main/resources/simulation.properties";
+            System.out.println("Loading configuration from: " + configFile);
+
+            SimulationConfig config = new SimulationConfig(configFile);
+            ExitNodeProcess exitNode = new ExitNodeProcess(config);
+
+            System.out.println("\n" + "=".repeat(60));
+            exitNode.initialize();
+
+            System.out.println("\n" + "=".repeat(60));
+            exitNode.start();
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Failed to start exit node: " + e.getMessage());
+            EventLogger.getInstance().logError("ExitNode", "Failed to start", e);
+            System.exit(1);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("Exit node error: " + e.getMessage());
+            EventLogger.getInstance().logError("ExitNode", "Exit node error", e);
+            System.exit(1);
+        } finally {
+            EventLogger.getInstance().log(EventType.PROCESS_STOPPED, "ExitNode", "Exit node process stopped");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configura o Nó de Saída.
+     * 
+     * Inicializamos os nossos contadores, preparamos a pool de threads para tratar
+     * das ligações de veículos recebidas,
+     * e configuramos os componentes DES para rastreio de eventos.
+     * 
+     * @param config A configuração da simulação.
+     */
+    public ExitNodeProcess(SimulationConfig config) {
+        this.config = config;
+        this.connectionHandlerPool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+        this.running = false;
+
+        this.totalVehiclesReceived = 0;
+        this.totalSystemTime = 0.0;
+        this.totalWaitingTime = 0.0;
+        this.totalCrossingTime = 0.0;
+        this.vehicleTypeCount = new HashMap<>();
+        this.vehicleTypeWaitTime = new HashMap<>();
+
+        // Inicializa os counters para cada tipo de veículo
+        for (VehicleType type : VehicleType.values()) {
+            vehicleTypeCount.put(type, 0);
+            vehicleTypeWaitTime.put(type, 0.0);
+        }
+
+        // Initialize DES components
+        this.clock = new SimulationClock();
+        this.eventQueue = new EventQueue(true); // Track history
+        this.eventLogger = EventLogger.getInstance();
+
+        eventLogger.log(EventType.PROCESS_STARTED, "ExitNode",
+                "Exit node initialized with DES architecture");
+
+        System.out.println("Exit node initialized (DES Mode)");
+        System.out.println("  - Exit port: " + config.getExitPort());
+        System.out.println("  - Dashboard: " + config.getDashboardHost() + ":" + config.getDashboardPort());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tenta estabelecer uma ligação ao dashboard.
+     * Se for bem-sucedido, poderemos enviar estatísticas em tempo real. Se não,
+     * apenas registamos localmente.
+     */
+    public void initialize() {
+        System.out.println("Connecting to dashboard...");
+
+        try {
+            String host = config.getDashboardHost();
+            int port = config.getDashboardPort();
+
+            dashboardClient = new SocketClient("Dashboard", host, port);
+            dashboardClient.connect();
+
+            System.out.println("Successfully connected to dashboard");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("WARNING: Failed to connect to dashboard: " + e.getMessage());
+            System.err.println("Exit node will continue without dashboard connection");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the DES event processing thread.
+     * Currently, ExitNode is primarily reactive (receives vehicles via network),
+     * but maintains event queue for potential scheduled events and history
+     * tracking.
+     */
+    private void startEventProcessor() {
+        eventProcessorThread = new Thread(() -> {
+            eventLogger.log(EventType.SIMULATION_STARTED, "ExitNode",
+                    "Event processor thread started");
+
+            // Keep running while process is active
+            while (running) {
+                SimulationEvent event = eventQueue.poll();
+                if (event == null) {
+                    // No events currently, wait before checking again
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(100);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Advance clock to event time
+                clock.advanceTo(event.getTimestamp());
+
+                // Process the event
+                processEvent(event);
+            }
+
+            eventLogger.log(EventType.SIMULATION_STOPPED, "ExitNode",
+                    String.format("Event processor thread terminated at time %.2f", clock.getCurrentTime()));
+        }, "EventProcessor-ExitNode");
+
+        eventProcessorThread.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Processes a discrete event based on its type.
+     * Currently supports VEHICLE_EXIT and SIMULATION_END events.
+     */
+    private void processEvent(SimulationEvent event) {
+        try {
+            switch (event.getType()) {
+                case VEHICLE_EXIT:
+                    // Vehicle exits are handled via network messages in real-time
+                    // This event type can be used for scheduled vehicle processing
+                    break;
+
+                case SIMULATION_END:
+                    handleSimulationEndEvent(event);
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    System.err.println("[ExitNode] Unknown event type: " + event.getType());
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("[ExitNode] Error processing event " + event.getType() +
+                    " at time " + event.getTimestamp() + ": " + e.getMessage());
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles simulation end event.
+     */
+    private void handleSimulationEndEvent(SimulationEvent event) {
+        eventLogger.log(EventType.SIMULATION_STOPPED, "ExitNode",
+                String.format("Simulation ended at time %.2f", event.getTimestamp()));
+        running = false;
+
+        // Print final statistics
+        printFinalStatistics();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Exports the complete event history for the exit node.
+     * This satisfies the spec requirement: "Deve ser possível verificar a lista
+     * completa de eventos"
+     */
+    public void exportEventHistory(String outputPath) {
+        String history = eventQueue.exportEventHistory();
+        try (java.io.PrintWriter writer = new java.io.PrintWriter(outputPath)) {
+            writer.println(history);
+            System.out.println("[ExitNode] Event history exported to: " + outputPath);
+        } catch (java.io.FileNotFoundException e) {
+            System.err.println("[ExitNode] Failed to export event history: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Schedules a simulation end event at the specified time.
+     * 
+     * @param endTime The simulation time when the simulation should end
+     */
+    public void scheduleSimulationEnd(double endTime) {
+        SimulationEvent endEvent = new SimulationEvent(
+                endTime,
+                DESEventType.SIMULATION_END,
+                null);
+        eventQueue.schedule(endEvent);
+        System.out.println("[ExitNode] Simulation end scheduled at time " + endTime);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Abre o socket do servidor e começa a escutar por veículos.
+     * 
+     * Este é o loop principal. Aceitamos ligações das interseções (de onde vêm os
+     * veículos)
+     * e passamo-las para a nossa pool de threads para processamento.
+     * 
+     * @throws IOException Se não conseguirmos fazer bind à porta.
+     */
+    public void start() throws IOException {
+        start(true); // Default to DES mode
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the exit node process.
+     * 
+     * @param useDES If true, starts event processor for DES mode tracking
+     */
+    public void start(boolean useDES) throws IOException {
+        int port = config.getExitPort();
+        serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port);
+        running = true;
+        simulationStartMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        System.out.println("Exit node started on port " + port);
+        if (useDES) {
+            // Note: ExitNode is primarily reactive (network-driven), but maintains
+            // event queue for simulation end events and history tracking
+            System.out.println("Running in DES mode (event history tracking enabled)");
+        }
+        System.out.println("Waiting for vehicles...\\n");
+
+        while (running) {
+            try {
+                Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();
+                connectionHandlerPool.submit(() -> handleIncomingConnection(clientSocket));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                if (running) {
+                    System.err.println("Error accepting connection: " + e.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Trata uma ligação de uma interseção.
+     * 
+     * Mantemos a ligação aberta e escutamos por mensagens `VEHICLE_TRANSFER`.
+     * Cada mensagem contém um veículo que acabou de terminar a sua viagem.
+     * 
+     * @param clientSocket O socket ligado à interseção.
+     */
+    private void handleIncomingConnection(Socket clientSocket) {
+        String clientAddress = clientSocket.getInetAddress().getHostAddress();
+        System.out.println("New connection accepted from " + clientAddress);
+
+        try (SocketConnection connection = new SocketConnection(clientSocket)) {
+
+            while (running && connection.isConnected()) {
+                try {
+                    System.out.println("[Exit] Waiting for message from " + clientAddress);
+                    MessageProtocol message = connection.receiveMessage();
+                    System.out.println("[Exit] Received message type: " + message.getType() +
+                            " from " + message.getSourceNode());
+
+                    if (message.getType() == MessageType.SIMULATION_START) {
+                        // Coordinator sends start time - use it instead of our local start
+                        simulationStartMillis = ((Number) message.getPayload()).longValue();
+                        System.out.println("[Exit] Simulation start time synchronized");
+                    } else if (message.getType() == MessageType.VEHICLE_TRANSFER) {
+                        Object payload = message.getPayload();
+                        System.out.println("[Exit] Payload type: " + payload.getClass().getName());
+
+                        // Handle Gson LinkedHashMap
+                        Vehicle vehicle;
+                        if (payload instanceof com.google.gson.internal.LinkedTreeMap ||
+                                payload instanceof java.util.LinkedHashMap) {
+                            String json = new com.google.gson.Gson().toJson(payload);
+                            vehicle = new com.google.gson.Gson().fromJson(json, Vehicle.class);
+                        } else {
+                            vehicle = (Vehicle) payload;
+                        }
+
+                        processExitingVehicle(vehicle);
+                    }
+
+                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                    System.err.println("[Exit] Unknown message type: " + e.getMessage());
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    System.err.println("[Exit] Error processing message: " + e.getMessage());
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+
+            System.out.println("[Exit] Connection closed from " + clientAddress);
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            if (running) {
+                System.err.println("[Exit] Connection error from " + clientAddress + ": " + e.getMessage());
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Processa um veículo que acabou de sair do sistema.
+     * 
+     * Calculamos quanto tempo demorou, atualizamos as nossas estatísticas globais e
+     * notificamos o dashboard.
+     * Este método é sincronizado porque múltiplos veículos podem chegar ao mesmo
+     * tempo.
+     * 
+     * @param vehicle O veículo que completou a sua rota.
+     */
+    private synchronized void processExitingVehicle(Vehicle vehicle) {
+        totalVehiclesReceived++;
+
+        // Use simulation time instead of wall-clock time
+        // System time = total time vehicle spent in system (wait + crossing times)
+        // This represents the actual simulation time elapsed, not real-time
+        double waitTime = vehicle.getTotalWaitingTime();
+        double crossingTime = vehicle.getTotalCrossingTime();
+        double systemTime = waitTime + crossingTime;
+
+        // Store times in seconds, will be converted to ms when sending to dashboard
+        totalSystemTime += systemTime;
+        totalWaitingTime += waitTime;
+        totalCrossingTime += crossingTime;
+
+        VehicleType type = vehicle.getType();
+        vehicleTypeCount.put(type, vehicleTypeCount.get(type) + 1);
+        vehicleTypeWaitTime.put(type, vehicleTypeWaitTime.get(type) + waitTime);
+
+        System.out.printf("[Exit] Vehicle %s completed (type=%s, system_time=%.2fs, wait=%.2fs, crossing=%.2fs)%n",
+                vehicle.getId(), vehicle.getType(), systemTime, waitTime, crossingTime);
+
+        // Log vehicle exit
+        EventLogger.getInstance().logVehicle(EventType.VEHICLE_EXITED, "ExitNode", vehicle.getId(),
+                String.format("Completed - System: %.2fs, Wait: %.2fs, Crossing: %.2fs", systemTime, waitTime,
+                        crossingTime));
+
+        // Complete vehicle trace if tracking
+        VehicleTracer.getInstance().logExit(vehicle, systemTime);
+
+        // Send stats after every vehicle to ensure dashboard updates quickly
+        sendStatsToDashboard();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Envia as estatísticas mais recentes para o dashboard.
+     * 
+     * Empacotamos as contagens totais e os tempos médios num `StatsUpdatePayload`
+     * e enviamo-lo.
+     */
+    private void sendStatsToDashboard() {
+        if (dashboardClient == null || !dashboardClient.isConnected()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // Create stats payload
+            StatsUpdatePayload payload = new StatsUpdatePayload();
+
+            // Set global stats - convert seconds to milliseconds
+            payload.setTotalVehiclesCompleted(totalVehiclesReceived);
+            payload.setTotalSystemTime((long) (totalSystemTime * 1000.0)); // s -> ms
+            payload.setTotalWaitingTime((long) (totalWaitingTime * 1000.0)); // s -> ms
+
+            // Set intersection-like stats so it shows up correctly in the dashboard table
+            payload.setIntersectionArrivals(totalVehiclesReceived);
+            payload.setIntersectionDepartures(totalVehiclesReceived);
+            payload.setIntersectionQueueSize(0);
+
+            // Set vehicle type stats
+            Map<VehicleType, Integer> typeCounts = new HashMap<>();
+            Map<VehicleType, Long> typeWaitTimes = new HashMap<>();
+
+            for (VehicleType type : VehicleType.values()) {
+                typeCounts.put(type, vehicleTypeCount.get(type));
+                typeWaitTimes.put(type, (long) (vehicleTypeWaitTime.get(type) * 1000.0)); // s -> ms
+            }
+
+            payload.setVehicleTypeCounts(typeCounts);
+            payload.setVehicleTypeWaitTimes(typeWaitTimes);
+
+            // Send message
+            Message message = new Message(
+                    MessageType.STATS_UPDATE,
+                    "ExitNode",
+                    "Dashboard",
+                    payload);
+
+            dashboardClient.send(message);
+
+            double avgWait = totalVehiclesReceived > 0 ? totalWaitingTime / totalVehiclesReceived : 0.0;
+            System.out.printf("[Exit] Sent stats to dashboard (total=%d, avg_wait=%.2fs)%n",
+                    totalVehiclesReceived, avgWait);
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("[Exit] Failed to send stats to dashboard: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encerra graciosamente o processo.
+     * 
+     * Imprimimos as estatísticas finais, fechamos ligações e limpamos threads.
+     */
+    public void shutdown() {
+        System.out.println("\n[Exit] Shutting down...");
+        running = false;
+
+        printFinalStatistics();
+
+        sendStatsToDashboard();
+
+        try {
+            if (serverSocket != null && !serverSocket.isClosed()) {
+                serverSocket.close();
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Error closing server socket: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        connectionHandlerPool.shutdown();
+        try {
+            if (!connectionHandlerPool.awaitTermination(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                connectionHandlerPool.shutdownNow();
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            connectionHandlerPool.shutdownNow();
+        }
+
+        if (dashboardClient != null) {
+            dashboardClient.close();
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("[Exit] Shutdown complete.");
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Imprime um resumo dos resultados da simulação na consola.
+     * Isto dá-nos uma visão rápida de como a simulação correu (médias, contagens de
+     * veículos, etc.).
+     */
+    private void printFinalStatistics() {
+        System.out.println("\n=== EXIT NODE STATISTICS ===");
+        System.out.printf("Total Vehicles Completed: %d%n", totalVehiclesReceived);
+
+        if (totalVehiclesReceived > 0) {
+            System.out.printf("%nAVERAGE METRICS:%n");
+            System.out.printf("  System Time: %.2f seconds%n", totalSystemTime / totalVehiclesReceived);
+            System.out.printf("  Waiting Time: %.2f seconds%n", totalWaitingTime / totalVehiclesReceived);
+            System.out.printf("  Crossing Time: %.2f seconds%n", totalCrossingTime / totalVehiclesReceived);
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("\nVEHICLE TYPE DISTRIBUTION:");
+        for (VehicleType type : VehicleType.values()) {
+            int count = vehicleTypeCount.get(type);
+            if (count > 0) {
+                double percentage = (count * 100.0) / totalVehiclesReceived;
+                double avgWait = vehicleTypeWaitTime.get(type) / count;
+                System.out.printf("  %s: %d (%.1f%%), Avg Wait: %.2fs%n",
+                        type, count, percentage, avgWait);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/analysis/MultiRunAnalyzer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+package sd.analysis;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import sd.model.VehicleType;
+
+/**
+ * Executes multiple simulation runs and aggregates results.
+ * Calculates statistical measures including mean, standard deviation,
+ * and confidence intervals across all runs.
+ */
+public class MultiRunAnalyzer {
+    
+    private final List<SimulationRunResult> results;
+    private final String configurationFile;
+    
+    public MultiRunAnalyzer(String configurationFile) {
+        this.configurationFile = configurationFile;
+        this.results = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Adds a completed simulation run result.
+     */
+    public void addResult(SimulationRunResult result) {
+        results.add(result);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of completed runs.
+     */
+    public int getRunCount() {
+        return results.size();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Generates a comprehensive statistical report.
+     */
+    public String generateReport() {
+        if (results.isEmpty()) {
+            return "No simulation results to analyze.";
+        }
+        
+        StringBuilder report = new StringBuilder();
+        
+        // Header
+        report.append("=".repeat(80)).append("\n");
+        report.append("MULTI-RUN STATISTICAL ANALYSIS\n");
+        report.append("=".repeat(80)).append("\n");
+        report.append("Configuration: ").append(configurationFile).append("\n");
+        report.append("Number of Runs: ").append(results.size()).append("\n");
+        report.append("Analysis Date: ").append(new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(new Date())).append("\n");
+        report.append("\n");
+        
+        // Global metrics
+        report.append("-".repeat(80)).append("\n");
+        report.append("GLOBAL METRICS\n");
+        report.append("-".repeat(80)).append("\n\n");
+        
+        report.append(analyzeMetric("Vehicles Generated", 
+            extractValues(r -> (double) r.getTotalVehiclesGenerated())));
+        report.append("\n");
+        
+        report.append(analyzeMetric("Vehicles Completed", 
+            extractValues(r -> (double) r.getTotalVehiclesCompleted())));
+        report.append("\n");
+        
+        report.append(analyzeMetric("Completion Rate (%)", 
+            extractValues(r -> r.getTotalVehiclesGenerated() > 0 
+                ? 100.0 * r.getTotalVehiclesCompleted() / r.getTotalVehiclesGenerated() 
+                : 0.0)));
+        report.append("\n");
+        
+        report.append(analyzeMetric("Average System Time (seconds)", 
+            extractValues(r -> r.getAverageSystemTime())));
+        report.append("\n");
+        
+        report.append(analyzeMetric("Average Waiting Time (seconds)", 
+            extractValues(r -> r.getAverageWaitingTime())));
+        report.append("\n");
+        
+        // Per-vehicle-type analysis
+        report.append("\n");
+        report.append("-".repeat(80)).append("\n");
+        report.append("PER-VEHICLE-TYPE ANALYSIS\n");
+        report.append("-".repeat(80)).append("\n\n");
+        
+        for (VehicleType type : VehicleType.values()) {
+            report.append("--- ").append(type).append(" ---\n");
+            
+            report.append(analyzeMetric("  Vehicle Count", 
+                extractValues(r -> (double) r.getVehicleCountByType().getOrDefault(type, 0))));
+            report.append("\n");
+            
+            report.append(analyzeMetric("  Avg System Time (seconds)", 
+                extractValues(r -> r.getAvgSystemTimeByType().getOrDefault(type, 0.0))));
+            report.append("\n");
+            
+            report.append(analyzeMetric("  Avg Waiting Time (seconds)", 
+                extractValues(r -> r.getAvgWaitTimeByType().getOrDefault(type, 0.0))));
+            report.append("\n\n");
+        }
+        
+        // Per-intersection analysis
+        report.append("-".repeat(80)).append("\n");
+        report.append("PER-INTERSECTION ANALYSIS\n");
+        report.append("-".repeat(80)).append("\n\n");
+        
+        Set<String> allIntersections = new TreeSet<>();
+        for (SimulationRunResult result : results) {
+            allIntersections.addAll(result.getMaxQueueSizeByIntersection().keySet());
+        }
+        
+        for (String intersection : allIntersections) {
+            report.append("--- ").append(intersection).append(" ---\n");
+            
+            report.append(analyzeMetric("  Max Queue Size", 
+                extractValues(r -> (double) r.getMaxQueueSizeByIntersection().getOrDefault(intersection, 0))));
+            report.append("\n");
+            
+            report.append(analyzeMetric("  Avg Queue Size", 
+                extractValues(r -> r.getAvgQueueSizeByIntersection().getOrDefault(intersection, 0.0))));
+            report.append("\n");
+            
+            report.append(analyzeMetric("  Vehicles Processed", 
+                extractValues(r -> (double) r.getVehiclesProcessedByIntersection().getOrDefault(intersection, 0))));
+            report.append("\n\n");
+        }
+        
+        // Individual run summaries
+        report.append("-".repeat(80)).append("\n");
+        report.append("INDIVIDUAL RUN SUMMARIES\n");
+        report.append("-".repeat(80)).append("\n\n");
+        
+        for (SimulationRunResult result : results) {
+            report.append(result.toString()).append("\n\n");
+        }
+        
+        report.append("=".repeat(80)).append("\n");
+        report.append("END OF REPORT\n");
+        report.append("=".repeat(80)).append("\n");
+        
+        return report.toString();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Analyzes a single metric and returns formatted statistics.
+     */
+    private String analyzeMetric(String metricName, List<Double> values) {
+        if (values.isEmpty() || values.stream().allMatch(v -> v == 0.0)) {
+            return metricName + ": No data\n";
+        }
+        
+        double mean = StatisticalAnalysis.mean(values);
+        double stdDev = StatisticalAnalysis.standardDeviation(values);
+        double[] ci = StatisticalAnalysis.confidenceInterval95(values);
+        double min = StatisticalAnalysis.min(values);
+        double max = StatisticalAnalysis.max(values);
+        double median = StatisticalAnalysis.median(values);
+        
+        return String.format(
+            "%s:\n" +
+            "    Mean:   %10.2f    Std Dev: %10.2f\n" +
+            "    Median: %10.2f    95%% CI: [%.2f, %.2f]\n" +
+            "    Min:    %10.2f    Max:     %10.2f\n",
+            metricName, mean, stdDev, median, ci[0], ci[1], min, max
+        );
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Extracts values using a lambda function.
+     */
+    private List<Double> extractValues(java.util.function.Function<SimulationRunResult, Double> extractor) {
+        List<Double> values = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (SimulationRunResult result : results) {
+            values.add(extractor.apply(result));
+        }
+        return values;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Saves the report to a file.
+     */
+    public void saveReport(String filename) throws IOException {
+        try (PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(filename)))) {
+            writer.print(generateReport());
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Generates a CSV summary for easy import into spreadsheet tools.
+     */
+    public void saveCSVSummary(String filename) throws IOException {
+        try (PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(filename)))) {
+            // Header
+            writer.println("Run,VehiclesGenerated,VehiclesCompleted,CompletionRate," +
+                "AvgSystemTime,AvgWaitingTime,MinSystemTime,MaxSystemTime");
+            
+            // Data rows
+            for (SimulationRunResult result : results) {
+                double completionRate = result.getTotalVehiclesGenerated() > 0 
+                    ? 100.0 * result.getTotalVehiclesCompleted() / result.getTotalVehiclesGenerated() 
+                    : 0.0;
+                
+                writer.printf("%d,%d,%d,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f\n",
+                    result.getRunNumber(),
+                    result.getTotalVehiclesGenerated(),
+                    result.getTotalVehiclesCompleted(),
+                    completionRate,
+                    result.getAverageSystemTime(),
+                    result.getAverageWaitingTime(),
+                    result.getMinSystemTime(),
+                    result.getMaxSystemTime()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/analysis/SimulationBatchRunner.java

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+package sd.analysis;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+/**
+ * Orquestra múltiplas execuções de simulação para análise estatística.
+ * 
+ * Em vez de correr uma única simulação manualmente, esta ferramenta permite
+ * correr um "lote"
+ * de N simulações consecutivas. Isto é essencial para recolher dados
+ * estatisticamente significativos
+ * (calcular intervalos de confiança, etc.) conforme exigido pelas
+ * especificações do projeto.
+ * 
+ * Utilização:
+ * java sd.analysis.SimulationBatchRunner <ficheiro-config> <num-execucoes>
+ * <dir-saida>
+ */
+public class SimulationBatchRunner {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        if (args.length < 3) {
+            System.err.println("Usage: SimulationBatchRunner <config-file> <num-runs> <output-dir>");
+            System.err.println("Example: SimulationBatchRunner simulation-medium.properties 10 results/medium");
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+
+        String configFile = args[0];
+        int numRuns;
+        String outputDir = args[2];
+
+        try {
+            numRuns = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
+            if (numRuns < 1 || numRuns > 100) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Number of runs must be between 1 and 100");
+            }
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            System.err.println("Error: Invalid number of runs: " + args[1]);
+            System.exit(1);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(80));
+        System.out.println("SIMULATION BATCH RUNNER");
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(80));
+        System.out.println("Configuration: " + configFile);
+        System.out.println("Number of Runs: " + numRuns);
+        System.out.println("Output Directory: " + outputDir);
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(80));
+        System.out.println();
+
+        // Create output directory
+        try {
+            Files.createDirectories(Paths.get(outputDir));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Failed to create output directory: " + e.getMessage());
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+
+        MultiRunAnalyzer analyzer = new MultiRunAnalyzer(configFile);
+
+        // Execute runs
+        for (int i = 1; i <= numRuns; i++) {
+            System.out.println("\n" + "=".repeat(80));
+            System.out.println("STARTING RUN " + i + " OF " + numRuns);
+            System.out.println("=".repeat(80));
+
+            SimulationRunResult result = executeSimulationRun(i, configFile, outputDir);
+
+            if (result != null) {
+                analyzer.addResult(result);
+                System.out.println("\n" + result);
+            } else {
+                System.err.println("Run " + i + " failed!");
+            }
+
+            // Pause between runs
+            if (i < numRuns) {
+                System.out.println("\nWaiting 10 seconds before next run...");
+                try {
+                    Thread.sleep(10000);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Generate reports
+        System.out.println("\n\n" + "=".repeat(80));
+        System.out.println("ALL RUNS COMPLETE - GENERATING REPORTS");
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(80));
+
+        try {
+            String timestamp = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd-HHmmss").format(new Date());
+            String reportFile = outputDir + "/analysis-report-" + timestamp + ".txt";
+            String csvFile = outputDir + "/summary-" + timestamp + ".csv";
+
+            analyzer.saveReport(reportFile);
+            analyzer.saveCSVSummary(csvFile);
+
+            System.out.println("\nReports generated:");
+            System.out.println("  - Analysis Report: " + reportFile);
+            System.out.println("  - CSV Summary: " + csvFile);
+            System.out.println();
+
+            // Print report to console
+            System.out.println(analyzer.generateReport());
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Failed to generate reports: " + e.getMessage());
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executa uma única instância da simulação.
+     * 
+     * Idealmente, este método iniciaria todos os processos necessários
+     * (Interseções, Nó de Saída, Coordenador),
+     * esperaria que terminassem e depois recolheria os resultados.
+     * 
+     * Atualmente, serve como um espaço reservado estrutural para demonstrar como
+     * funciona o pipeline de análise.
+     * Para correr uma simulação real, deve iniciar os componentes manualmente ou
+     * usar um script shell.
+     */
+    private static SimulationRunResult executeSimulationRun(int runNumber, String configFile, String outputDir) {
+        SimulationRunResult result = new SimulationRunResult(runNumber, configFile);
+
+        try {
+            // TODO: Implement actual simulation execution
+            // This would involve:
+            // 1. Starting intersection processes
+            // 2. Starting exit node process
+            // 3. Starting dashboard process
+            // 4. Running coordinator
+            // 5. Collecting results from dashboard/exit node
+            // 6. Shutting down all processes
+
+            System.out.println("NOTE: Actual simulation execution not yet implemented.");
+            System.out.println("This batch runner demonstrates the framework structure.");
+            System.out.println("To run actual simulations, you need to:");
+            System.out.println("  1. Start all intersection processes manually");
+            System.out.println("  2. Start exit node process");
+            System.out.println("  3. Start dashboard process");
+            System.out.println("  4. Run coordinator with the configuration file");
+            System.out.println("  5. Results will be collected automatically");
+
+            // Placeholder: simulate some results
+            // In real implementation, these would be collected from the actual simulation
+            result.setTotalVehiclesGenerated(100);
+            result.setTotalVehiclesCompleted(85);
+            result.setAverageSystemTime(120.5);
+            result.setMinSystemTime(45.2);
+            result.setMaxSystemTime(250.8);
+            result.setAverageWaitingTime(45.3);
+
+            return result;
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("Error executing run " + runNumber + ": " + e.getMessage());
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/analysis/SimulationRunResult.java

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+package sd.analysis;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import sd.model.VehicleType;
+
+/**
+ * Stores the results of a single simulation run.
+ * Contains all key metrics for post-simulation analysis.
+ */
+public class SimulationRunResult {
+    
+    private final int runNumber;
+    private final String configurationFile;
+    private final long startTimeMillis;
+    private final long endTimeMillis;
+    
+    // Global metrics
+    private int totalVehiclesGenerated;
+    private int totalVehiclesCompleted;
+    private double averageSystemTime;        // seconds
+    private double minSystemTime;            // seconds
+    private double maxSystemTime;            // seconds
+    private double averageWaitingTime;       // seconds
+    
+    // Per-type metrics
+    private final Map<VehicleType, Integer> vehicleCountByType;
+    private final Map<VehicleType, Double> avgSystemTimeByType;
+    private final Map<VehicleType, Double> avgWaitTimeByType;
+    
+    // Per-intersection metrics
+    private final Map<String, Integer> maxQueueSizeByIntersection;
+    private final Map<String, Double> avgQueueSizeByIntersection;
+    private final Map<String, Integer> vehiclesProcessedByIntersection;
+    
+    public SimulationRunResult(int runNumber, String configurationFile) {
+        this.runNumber = runNumber;
+        this.configurationFile = configurationFile;
+        this.startTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        this.endTimeMillis = 0;
+        
+        this.vehicleCountByType = new HashMap<>();
+        this.avgSystemTimeByType = new HashMap<>();
+        this.avgWaitTimeByType = new HashMap<>();
+        this.maxQueueSizeByIntersection = new HashMap<>();
+        this.avgQueueSizeByIntersection = new HashMap<>();
+        this.vehiclesProcessedByIntersection = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+    
+    public void markCompleted() {
+        // This will be called when the run finishes
+    }
+    
+    // Getters
+    public int getRunNumber() { return runNumber; }
+    public String getConfigurationFile() { return configurationFile; }
+    public long getStartTimeMillis() { return startTimeMillis; }
+    public long getEndTimeMillis() { return endTimeMillis; }
+    public long getDurationMillis() { return endTimeMillis - startTimeMillis; }
+    
+    public int getTotalVehiclesGenerated() { return totalVehiclesGenerated; }
+    public int getTotalVehiclesCompleted() { return totalVehiclesCompleted; }
+    public double getAverageSystemTime() { return averageSystemTime; }
+    public double getMinSystemTime() { return minSystemTime; }
+    public double getMaxSystemTime() { return maxSystemTime; }
+    public double getAverageWaitingTime() { return averageWaitingTime; }
+    
+    public Map<VehicleType, Integer> getVehicleCountByType() { 
+        return new HashMap<>(vehicleCountByType); 
+    }
+    public Map<VehicleType, Double> getAvgSystemTimeByType() { 
+        return new HashMap<>(avgSystemTimeByType); 
+    }
+    public Map<VehicleType, Double> getAvgWaitTimeByType() { 
+        return new HashMap<>(avgWaitTimeByType); 
+    }
+    public Map<String, Integer> getMaxQueueSizeByIntersection() { 
+        return new HashMap<>(maxQueueSizeByIntersection); 
+    }
+    public Map<String, Double> getAvgQueueSizeByIntersection() { 
+        return new HashMap<>(avgQueueSizeByIntersection); 
+    }
+    public Map<String, Integer> getVehiclesProcessedByIntersection() { 
+        return new HashMap<>(vehiclesProcessedByIntersection); 
+    }
+    
+    // Setters
+    public void setTotalVehiclesGenerated(int count) { 
+        this.totalVehiclesGenerated = count; 
+    }
+    public void setTotalVehiclesCompleted(int count) { 
+        this.totalVehiclesCompleted = count; 
+    }
+    public void setAverageSystemTime(double time) { 
+        this.averageSystemTime = time; 
+    }
+    public void setMinSystemTime(double time) { 
+        this.minSystemTime = time; 
+    }
+    public void setMaxSystemTime(double time) { 
+        this.maxSystemTime = time; 
+    }
+    public void setAverageWaitingTime(double time) { 
+        this.averageWaitingTime = time; 
+    }
+    
+    public void setVehicleCountByType(VehicleType type, int count) {
+        vehicleCountByType.put(type, count);
+    }
+    public void setAvgSystemTimeByType(VehicleType type, double time) {
+        avgSystemTimeByType.put(type, time);
+    }
+    public void setAvgWaitTimeByType(VehicleType type, double time) {
+        avgWaitTimeByType.put(type, time);
+    }
+    public void setMaxQueueSize(String intersection, int size) {
+        maxQueueSizeByIntersection.put(intersection, size);
+    }
+    public void setAvgQueueSize(String intersection, double size) {
+        avgQueueSizeByIntersection.put(intersection, size);
+    }
+    public void setVehiclesProcessed(String intersection, int count) {
+        vehiclesProcessedByIntersection.put(intersection, count);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format(
+            "Run #%d [%s]:\n" +
+            "  Generated: %d, Completed: %d (%.1f%%)\n" +
+            "  Avg System Time: %.2fs\n" +
+            "  Avg Waiting Time: %.2fs",
+            runNumber,
+            configurationFile,
+            totalVehiclesGenerated,
+            totalVehiclesCompleted,
+            totalVehiclesGenerated > 0 ? 100.0 * totalVehiclesCompleted / totalVehiclesGenerated : 0.0,
+            averageSystemTime,
+            averageWaitingTime
+        );
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/analysis/StatisticalAnalysis.java

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+package sd.analysis;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Statistical analysis utilities for simulation results.
+ * Calculates mean, standard deviation, and confidence intervals.
+ */
+public class StatisticalAnalysis {
+    
+    /**
+     * Calculates the mean (average) of a list of values.
+     */
+    public static double mean(List<Double> values) {
+        if (values == null || values.isEmpty()) {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        double sum = 0.0;
+        for (double value : values) {
+            sum += value;
+        }
+        return sum / values.size();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Calculates the sample standard deviation.
+     */
+    public static double standardDeviation(List<Double> values) {
+        if (values == null || values.size() < 2) {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        
+        double mean = mean(values);
+        double sumSquaredDiff = 0.0;
+        
+        for (double value : values) {
+            double diff = value - mean;
+            sumSquaredDiff += diff * diff;
+        }
+        
+        // Sample standard deviation (n-1 denominator)
+        return Math.sqrt(sumSquaredDiff / (values.size() - 1));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Calculates the 95% confidence interval for the mean.
+     * Uses t-distribution for small samples (n < 30).
+     * 
+     * @return Array of [lowerBound, upperBound]
+     */
+    public static double[] confidenceInterval95(List<Double> values) {
+        if (values == null || values.size() < 2) {
+            double m = mean(values);
+            return new double[]{m, m};
+        }
+        
+        double mean = mean(values);
+        double stdDev = standardDeviation(values);
+        int n = values.size();
+        
+        // Critical value from t-distribution (approximation for common sample sizes)
+        double tCritical = getTCriticalValue(n);
+        
+        // Standard error of the mean
+        double standardError = stdDev / Math.sqrt(n);
+        
+        // Margin of error
+        double marginOfError = tCritical * standardError;
+        
+        return new double[]{
+            mean - marginOfError,  // Lower bound
+            mean + marginOfError   // Upper bound
+        };
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Returns the t-critical value for 95% confidence interval.
+     * Approximations for common degrees of freedom (n-1).
+     */
+    private static double getTCriticalValue(int sampleSize) {
+        int df = sampleSize - 1;  // degrees of freedom
+        
+        // t-critical values for 95% confidence (two-tailed)
+        if (df >= 30) return 1.96;      // z-score for large samples
+        if (df >= 20) return 2.086;
+        if (df >= 15) return 2.131;
+        if (df >= 10) return 2.228;
+        if (df >= 5) return 2.571;
+        if (df >= 3) return 3.182;
+        if (df >= 2) return 4.303;
+        return 12.706;  // df = 1
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Calculates the minimum value.
+     */
+    public static double min(List<Double> values) {
+        if (values == null || values.isEmpty()) {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        return Collections.min(values);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Calculates the maximum value.
+     */
+    public static double max(List<Double> values) {
+        if (values == null || values.isEmpty()) {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        return Collections.max(values);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Calculates the median value.
+     */
+    public static double median(List<Double> values) {
+        if (values == null || values.isEmpty()) {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        
+        List<Double> sorted = new ArrayList<>(values);
+        Collections.sort(sorted);
+        
+        int size = sorted.size();
+        if (size % 2 == 0) {
+            return (sorted.get(size / 2 - 1) + sorted.get(size / 2)) / 2.0;
+        } else {
+            return sorted.get(size / 2);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Formats a statistical summary as a string.
+     */
+    public static String formatSummary(String metricName, List<Double> values) {
+        if (values == null || values.isEmpty()) {
+            return metricName + ": No data";
+        }
+        
+        double mean = mean(values);
+        double stdDev = standardDeviation(values);
+        double[] ci = confidenceInterval95(values);
+        double min = min(values);
+        double max = max(values);
+        
+        return String.format(
+            "%s:\n" +
+            "  Mean: %.2f\n" +
+            "  Std Dev: %.2f\n" +
+            "  95%% CI: [%.2f, %.2f]\n" +
+            "  Min: %.2f\n" +
+            "  Max: %.2f\n" +
+            "  Samples: %d",
+            metricName, mean, stdDev, ci[0], ci[1], min, max, values.size()
+        );
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/config/SimulationConfig.java

@@ -3,110 +3,414 @@ package sd.config;
 import java.io.FileInputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Properties;
 
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+
 /**
- * Class to load and manage simulation configurations.
- * Configurations are read from a .properties file.
+ * Carrega e gere configurações da simulação.
+ * 
+ * <p>Lê propriedades de um ficheiro .properties e fornece getters
+ * type-safe com valores padrão para robustez.
  */
 public class SimulationConfig {
-    private final Properties properties;
 
-    public SimulationConfig(String filePath) throws IOException {
-        properties = new Properties();
-        try (InputStream input = new FileInputStream(filePath)) {
-            properties.load(input);
+    /** Propriedades carregadas do ficheiro */
+    private final Properties properties;
+    private NetworkConfig networkConfig;
+
+    public static class NetworkConfig {
+        private List<IntersectionConfig> intersections;
+
+        public List<IntersectionConfig> getIntersections() {
+            return intersections;
         }
     }
 
-    // Network configurations
+    public static class IntersectionConfig {
+        private String id;
+        private List<String> lights;
+        private Map<String, String> routes;
+
+        public String getId() {
+            return id;
+        }
+
+        public List<String> getLights() {
+            return lights;
+        }
+
+        public Map<String, String> getRoutes() {
+            return routes;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Carrega propriedades do ficheiro especificado.
+     * 
+     * <p>Tenta múltiplas estratégias:
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>Caminho direto no sistema de ficheiros
+     * <li>Recurso no classpath (com normalização automática)
+     * <li>Recurso no classpath com barra inicial
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @param filePath caminho do ficheiro .properties
+     * @throws IOException se o ficheiro não for encontrado
+     */
+    public SimulationConfig(String filePath) throws IOException {
+        properties = new Properties();
+
+        // List to track all attempted paths for better error reporting
+        List<String> attemptedPaths = new ArrayList<>();
+        IOException fileSystemException = null;
+
+        // Strategy 1: Try to load directly from file system
+        try (InputStream input = new FileInputStream(filePath)) {
+            properties.load(input);
+            loadNetworkConfig();
+            return; // Successfully loaded from file system
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            fileSystemException = e;
+            attemptedPaths.add("File system: " + filePath);
+        }
+
+        // Strategy 2: Try to load from classpath with path normalization
+        String resourcePath = filePath;
+
+        // Remove common src/main/resources prefixes
+        resourcePath = resourcePath.replace("src/main/resources/", "").replace("src\\main\\resources\\", "");
+
+        // Remove classpath: prefix if provided
+        if (resourcePath.startsWith("classpath:")) {
+            resourcePath = resourcePath.substring("classpath:".length());
+            if (resourcePath.startsWith("/")) {
+                resourcePath = resourcePath.substring(1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Try loading from classpath using thread context class loader
+        InputStream resourceStream = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(resourcePath);
+        attemptedPaths.add("Classpath (context): " + resourcePath);
+
+        if (resourceStream == null) {
+            // Strategy 3: Try with leading slash
+            String slashPath = "/" + resourcePath;
+            resourceStream = SimulationConfig.class.getResourceAsStream(slashPath);
+            attemptedPaths.add("Classpath (class): " + slashPath);
+        }
+
+        if (resourceStream != null) {
+            try (InputStream input = resourceStream) {
+                properties.load(input);
+                loadNetworkConfig();
+                return; // Successfully loaded from classpath
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                // Failed to read from classpath resource
+                throw new IOException(
+                        String.format("Failed to read properties from classpath resource '%s': %s",
+                                resourcePath, e.getMessage()),
+                        e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // All strategies failed - provide comprehensive error message
+        StringBuilder errorMsg = new StringBuilder();
+        errorMsg.append("Configuration file '").append(filePath).append("' could not be found.\n");
+        errorMsg.append("Attempted locations:\n");
+        for (String path : attemptedPaths) {
+            errorMsg.append("  - ").append(path).append("\n");
+        }
+
+        if (fileSystemException != null) {
+            errorMsg.append("\nOriginal error: ").append(fileSystemException.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        throw new IOException(errorMsg.toString(), fileSystemException);
+    }
+
+    private void loadNetworkConfig() {
+        try (InputStream is = getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("network_config.json")) {
+            if (is == null) {
+                System.err.println("Warning: network_config.json not found in classpath. Using defaults/empty.");
+                return;
+            }
+            try (Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(is, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+                Gson gson = new Gson();
+                this.networkConfig = gson.fromJson(reader, NetworkConfig.class);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Failed to load network_config.json: " + e.getMessage());
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public NetworkConfig getNetworkConfig() {
+        return networkConfig;
+    }
+
+    // --- Network configurations ---
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the host address for a specific intersection.
+     * 
+     * @param intersectionId The ID of the intersection (e.g., "Cr1").
+     * @return The host (e.g., "localhost").
+     */
     public String getIntersectionHost(String intersectionId) {
         return properties.getProperty("intersection." + intersectionId + ".host", "localhost");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the port number for a specific intersection.
+     * 
+     * @param intersectionId The ID of the intersection (e.g., "Cr1").
+     * @return The port number.
+     */
     public int getIntersectionPort(String intersectionId) {
         return Integer.parseInt(properties.getProperty("intersection." + intersectionId + ".port", "0"));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the host address for the dashboard server.
+     * 
+     * @return The dashboard host.
+     */
     public String getDashboardHost() {
         return properties.getProperty("dashboard.host", "localhost");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the port number for the dashboard server.
+     * 
+     * @return The dashboard port.
+     */
     public int getDashboardPort() {
         return Integer.parseInt(properties.getProperty("dashboard.port", "9000"));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the host address for the exit node.
+     * 
+     * @return The exit node host.
+     */
     public String getExitHost() {
         return properties.getProperty("exit.host", "localhost");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the port number for the exit node.
+     * 
+     * @return The exit node port.
+     */
     public int getExitPort() {
         return Integer.parseInt(properties.getProperty("exit.port", "9001"));
     }
 
-    // Simulation configurations
+    // --- Simulation configurations ---
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the total duration of the simulation in virtual seconds.
+     * 
+     * @return The simulation duration.
+     */
     public double getSimulationDuration() {
-        return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("simulation.duration", "3600.0"));
+        return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("simulation.duration", "3600"));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Get time scaling factor for visualization.
+     * 0 = instant (pure DES), 0.01 = 100x speed, 0.1 = 10x speed, 1.0 = real-time
+     */
+    public double getTimeScale() {
+        return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("simulation.time.scale", "0"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the drain time (in virtual seconds) to allow vehicles to exit after
+     * generation stops.
+     * 
+     * @return The drain time.
+     */
+    public double getDrainTime() {
+        return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("simulation.drain.time", "60.0"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the vehicle arrival model ("POISSON" or "FIXED").
+     * 
+     * @return The arrival model as a string.
+     */
     public String getArrivalModel() {
         return properties.getProperty("simulation.arrival.model", "POISSON");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the average arrival rate (lambda) for the POISSON model.
+     * This represents the average number of vehicles arriving per second.
+     * 
+     * @return The arrival rate.
+     */
     public double getArrivalRate() {
         return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("simulation.arrival.rate", "0.5"));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the fixed time interval between vehicle arrivals for the FIXED model.
+     * 
+     * @return The fixed interval in seconds.
+     */
     public double getFixedArrivalInterval() {
         return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("simulation.arrival.fixed.interval", "2.0"));
     }
 
-    // Traffic light configurations
+    // --- Traffic light configurations ---
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the duration of the GREEN light state for a specific traffic light.
+     * 
+     * @param intersectionId The ID of the intersection (e.g., "Cr1").
+     * @param direction      The direction of the light (e.g., "North").
+     * @return The green light time in seconds.
+     */
     public double getTrafficLightGreenTime(String intersectionId, String direction) {
         String key = "trafficlight." + intersectionId + "." + direction + ".green";
         return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty(key, "30.0"));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the duration of the RED light state for a specific traffic light.
+     * 
+     * @param intersectionId The ID of the intersection (e.g., "Cr1").
+     * @param direction      The direction of the light (e.g., "North").
+     * @return The red light time in seconds.
+     */
     public double getTrafficLightRedTime(String intersectionId, String direction) {
         String key = "trafficlight." + intersectionId + "." + direction + ".red";
         return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty(key, "30.0"));
     }
 
-    // Vehicle configurations
+    // --- Vehicle configurations ---
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the probability (0.0 to 1.0) that a generated vehicle is of type LIGHT.
+     * 
+     * @return The probability for LIGHT vehicles.
+     */
     public double getLightVehicleProbability() {
         return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("vehicle.probability.light", "0.7"));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the average time it takes a LIGHT vehicle to cross an intersection.
+     * 
+     * @return The crossing time in seconds.
+     */
     public double getLightVehicleCrossingTime() {
         return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("vehicle.crossing.time.light", "2.0"));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the probability (0.0 to 1.0) that a generated vehicle is of type BIKE.
+     * 
+     * @return The probability for BIKE vehicles.
+     */
     public double getBikeVehicleProbability() {
         return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("vehicle.probability.bike", "0.0"));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the average time it takes a BIKE vehicle to cross an intersection.
+     * 
+     * @return The crossing time in seconds.
+     */
     public double getBikeVehicleCrossingTime() {
         return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("vehicle.crossing.time.bike", "1.5"));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the probability (0.0 to 1.0) that a generated vehicle is of type HEAVY.
+     * 
+     * @return The probability for HEAVY vehicles.
+     */
     public double getHeavyVehicleProbability() {
         return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("vehicle.probability.heavy", "0.0"));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets the average time it takes a HEAVY vehicle to cross an intersection.
+     * 
+     * @return The crossing time in seconds.
+     */
     public double getHeavyVehicleCrossingTime() {
         return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("vehicle.crossing.time.heavy", "4.0"));
     }
 
-    // Statistics
-    public double getStatisticsUpdateInterval() {
-        return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("statistics.update.interval", "10.0"));
+    /**
+     * Gets the base travel time between intersections for light vehicles.
+     * 
+     * @return The base travel time in seconds.
+     */
+    public double getBaseTravelTime() {
+        return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("vehicle.travel.time.base", "8.0"));
     }
 
-    // Generic method to get any property
+    /**
+     * Gets the travel time multiplier for bike vehicles.
+     * Bike travel time = base time × this multiplier.
+     * 
+     * @return The multiplier for bike travel time.
+     */
+    public double getBikeTravelTimeMultiplier() {
+        return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("vehicle.travel.time.bike.multiplier", "0.5"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the travel time multiplier for heavy vehicles.
+     * Heavy vehicle travel time = base time × this multiplier.
+     * 
+     * @return The multiplier for heavy vehicle travel time.
+     */
+    public double getHeavyTravelTimeMultiplier() {
+        return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("vehicle.travel.time.heavy.multiplier", "4.0"));
+    }
+
+    // --- Statistics ---
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the interval (in virtual seconds) between periodic statistics updates.
+     * 
+     * @return The statistics update interval.
+     */
+    public double getStatisticsUpdateInterval() {
+        return Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty("statistics.update.interval", "1.0"));
+    }
+
+    // --- Generic getters ---
+
+    /**
+     * Generic method to get any property as a string, with a default value.
+     * 
+     * @param key          The property key.
+     * @param defaultValue The value to return if the key is not found.
+     * @return The property value or the default.
+     */
     public String getProperty(String key, String defaultValue) {
         return properties.getProperty(key, defaultValue);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Generic method to get any property as a string.
+     * 
+     * @param key The property key.
+     * @return The property value, or null if not found.
+     */
     public String getProperty(String key) {
         return properties.getProperty(key);
     }

main/src/main/java/sd/coordinator/CoordinatorProcess.java

@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+package sd.coordinator;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import sd.config.SimulationConfig;
+import sd.dashboard.StatsUpdatePayload;
+import sd.des.DESEventType;
+import sd.des.EventQueue;
+import sd.des.SimulationClock;
+import sd.des.SimulationEvent;
+import sd.logging.EventLogger;
+import sd.model.Message;
+import sd.model.MessageType;
+import sd.model.Vehicle;
+import sd.serialization.SerializationException;
+import sd.util.VehicleGenerator;
+
+/**
+ * Coordenador central da simulação distribuída.
+ * 
+ * <p>Responsabilidades:
+ * <ol>
+ * <li>Gerar veículos segundo modelo configurado (Poisson/Fixed)
+ * <li>Injetar veículos nas interseções de entrada
+ * <li>Gerir relógio global e sincronizar componentes
+ * </ol>
+ * 
+ * <p>Usa motor DES para agendar eventos de geração com precisão.
+ * Mantém fila de prioridade e processa eventos em ordem cronológica.
+ */
+public class CoordinatorProcess {
+
+    private final SimulationConfig config;
+    private final VehicleGenerator vehicleGenerator;
+    private final Map<String, SocketClient> intersectionClients;
+    private SocketClient dashboardClient;
+
+    private final SimulationClock clock;
+    private final EventQueue eventQueue;
+    private final EventLogger eventLogger;
+
+    private int vehicleCounter;
+    private boolean running;
+    private double timeScale;
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+        System.out.println("COORDINATOR PROCESS - DISTRIBUTED TRAFFIC SIMULATION");
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+
+        try {
+            // 1. Load configuration
+            String configFile = args.length > 0 ? args[0] : "src/main/resources/simulation.properties";
+            System.out.println("Loading configuration from: " + configFile);
+
+            SimulationConfig config = new SimulationConfig(configFile);
+            CoordinatorProcess coordinator = new CoordinatorProcess(config);
+
+            // 2. Connect to intersection processes
+            System.out.println("\n" + "=".repeat(60));
+            coordinator.initialize();
+
+            // 3. Run the sim
+            System.out.println("\n" + "=".repeat(60));
+            coordinator.run();
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Failed to load configuration: " + e.getMessage());
+            System.exit(1);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("Coordinator error: " + e.getMessage());
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public CoordinatorProcess(SimulationConfig config) {
+        this.config = config;
+        this.vehicleGenerator = new VehicleGenerator(config);
+        this.intersectionClients = new HashMap<>();
+        this.vehicleCounter = 0;
+        this.running = false;
+        this.timeScale = config.getTimeScale();
+
+        this.clock = new SimulationClock();
+        this.eventQueue = new EventQueue(true);
+
+        this.eventLogger = EventLogger.getInstance();
+        eventLogger.log(sd.logging.EventType.PROCESS_STARTED, "Coordinator",
+                "Coordinator process initialized with DES architecture");
+
+        System.out.println("Coordinator initialized with configuration:");
+        System.out.println("  - Simulation duration: " + config.getSimulationDuration() + "s");
+        System.out.println("  - Arrival model: " + config.getArrivalModel());
+        System.out.println("  - Arrival rate: " + config.getArrivalRate() + " vehicles/s");
+        System.out.println("  - DES Mode: ENABLED (Event-driven, no time-stepping)");
+    }
+
+    public void initialize() {
+        // Connect to dashboard first
+        connectToDashboard();
+
+        System.out.println("Connecting to intersection processes...");
+
+        String[] intersectionIds = { "Cr1", "Cr2", "Cr3", "Cr4", "Cr5" };
+
+        for (String intersectionId : intersectionIds) {
+            try {
+                String host = config.getIntersectionHost(intersectionId);
+                int port = config.getIntersectionPort(intersectionId);
+
+                SocketClient client = new SocketClient(intersectionId, host, port);
+                client.connect();
+                intersectionClients.put(intersectionId, client);
+
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                System.err.println("Failed to connect to " + intersectionId + ": " + e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("Successfully connected to " + intersectionClients.size() + " intersection(s)");
+
+        if (intersectionClients.isEmpty()) {
+            System.err.println("WARNING: No intersections connected. Simulation cannot proceed.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+        double duration = config.getSimulationDuration();
+        double drainTime = config.getDrainTime();
+        double totalDuration = duration + drainTime;
+        running = true;
+
+        System.out.println("Starting DES-based vehicle generation simulation...");
+        System.out.println("Duration: " + duration + "s (+ " + drainTime + "s drain)");
+        System.out.println();
+
+        // Log simulation start
+        eventLogger.log(sd.logging.EventType.SIMULATION_STARTED, "Coordinator",
+                String.format("Starting simulation - Duration: %.1fs", duration));
+
+        // Send simulation start time to all processes for synchronization
+        sendSimulationStartTime();
+
+        // Schedule first vehicle generation event
+        double firstArrivalTime = vehicleGenerator.getNextArrivalTime(clock.getCurrentTime());
+        eventQueue.schedule(new SimulationEvent(
+                firstArrivalTime,
+                DESEventType.VEHICLE_GENERATION,
+                null,
+                "Coordinator"));
+
+        // Schedule simulation end event
+        eventQueue.schedule(new SimulationEvent(
+                totalDuration,
+                DESEventType.SIMULATION_END,
+                null,
+                "Coordinator"));
+
+        System.out.printf("Initial event scheduled at t=%.3fs\n", firstArrivalTime);
+        System.out.println("Entering DES event loop...\n");
+
+        // Main DES loop - process events in chronological order
+        double lastTime = 0.0;
+        while (running && !eventQueue.isEmpty()) {
+            SimulationEvent event = eventQueue.poll();
+
+            // Apply time scaling for visualization
+            if (timeScale > 0) {
+                double simTimeDelta = event.getTimestamp() - lastTime;
+                long realDelayMs = (long) (simTimeDelta * timeScale * 1000);
+                if (realDelayMs > 0) {
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(realDelayMs);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                lastTime = event.getTimestamp();
+            }
+
+            // Advance simulation time to event time
+            clock.advanceTo(event.getTimestamp());
+
+            // Process the event
+            processEvent(event, duration);
+        }
+
+        System.out.println();
+        System.out.printf("Simulation complete at t=%.2fs\n", clock.getCurrentTime());
+        System.out.println("Total vehicles generated: " + vehicleCounter);
+        System.out.println("Total events processed: " + eventQueue.getProcessedCount());
+
+        // Log simulation end
+        eventLogger.log(sd.logging.EventType.SIMULATION_STOPPED, "Coordinator",
+                String.format("Simulation ended - Vehicles: %d, Events: %d",
+                        vehicleCounter, eventQueue.getProcessedCount()));
+
+        // Export event history (spec requirement: view complete event list)
+        exportEventHistory();
+
+        shutdown();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Trata um único evento de simulação.
+     * 
+     * É aqui que a magia acontece. Dependendo do tipo de evento (como
+     * VEHICLE_GENERATION),
+     * atualizamos o estado do mundo. Para a geração de veículos, criamos um novo
+     * veículo,
+     * enviamo-lo para uma interseção e depois agendamos o *próximo* evento de
+     * geração.
+     */
+    private void processEvent(SimulationEvent event, double generationDuration) {
+        double currentTime = clock.getCurrentTime();
+
+        switch (event.getType()) {
+            case VEHICLE_GENERATION:
+                // Only generate if we're still in the generation phase
+                if (currentTime < generationDuration) {
+                    generateAndSendVehicle();
+
+                    // Schedule next vehicle generation
+                    double nextArrivalTime = vehicleGenerator.getNextArrivalTime(currentTime);
+                    eventQueue.schedule(new SimulationEvent(
+                            nextArrivalTime,
+                            DESEventType.VEHICLE_GENERATION,
+                            null,
+                            "Coordinator"));
+                } else if (currentTime == generationDuration) {
+                    System.out.printf("\n[t=%.2f] Generation phase complete. Entering DRAIN MODE...\n",
+                            currentTime);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case SIMULATION_END:
+                System.out.printf("[t=%.2f] Simulation end event reached\n", currentTime);
+                running = false;
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                System.err.println("WARNING: Unknown event type: " + event.getType());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Guarda o histórico completo de eventos de simulação num ficheiro de texto.
+     * Isto permite-nos auditar exatamente o que aconteceu e quando, o que é crucial
+     * para depuração e verificação.
+     */
+    private void exportEventHistory() {
+        try (java.io.PrintWriter writer = new java.io.PrintWriter(
+                new java.io.FileWriter("logs/coordinator-event-history.txt"))) {
+            String history = eventQueue.exportEventHistory();
+            writer.println(history);
+            System.out.println("\nEvent history exported to: logs/coordinator-event-history.txt");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Failed to export event history: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateAndSendVehicle() {
+        double currentTime = clock.getCurrentTime();
+        Vehicle vehicle = vehicleGenerator.generateVehicle("V" + (++vehicleCounter), currentTime);
+
+        System.out.printf("[t=%.2f] Vehicle %s generated (type=%s, route=%s)%n",
+                currentTime, vehicle.getId(), vehicle.getType(), vehicle.getRoute());
+
+        // Log to event logger
+        eventLogger.log(sd.logging.EventType.VEHICLE_GENERATED, "Coordinator",
+                String.format("[%s] Type: %s, Route: %s", vehicle.getId(), vehicle.getType(), vehicle.getRoute()));
+
+        // Send generation count to dashboard
+        sendGenerationStatsToDashboard();
+
+        if (vehicle.getRoute().isEmpty()) {
+            System.err.println("ERROR: Vehicle " + vehicle.getId() + " has empty route!");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String entryIntersection = vehicle.getRoute().get(0);
+        sendVehicleToIntersection(vehicle, entryIntersection);
+    }
+
+    private void sendVehicleToIntersection(Vehicle vehicle, String intersectionId) {
+        SocketClient client = intersectionClients.get(intersectionId);
+
+        if (client == null || !client.isConnected()) {
+            System.err.println("ERROR: No connection to " + intersectionId + " for vehicle " + vehicle.getId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Message message = new Message(
+                    MessageType.VEHICLE_SPAWN,
+                    "COORDINATOR",
+                    intersectionId,
+                    vehicle);
+
+            client.send(message);
+            System.out.printf("->Sent to %s%n", intersectionId);
+
+        } catch (SerializationException | IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("ERROR: Failed to send vehicle " + vehicle.getId() + " to " + intersectionId);
+            System.err.println("Reason: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void shutdown() {
+        System.out.println();
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+        System.out.println("Shutting down coordinator...");
+
+        for (Map.Entry<String, SocketClient> entry : intersectionClients.entrySet()) {
+            String intersectionId = entry.getKey();
+            SocketClient client = entry.getValue();
+
+            try {
+                if (client.isConnected()) {
+                    Message personalizedShutdown = new Message(
+                            MessageType.SHUTDOWN,
+                            "COORDINATOR",
+                            intersectionId,
+                            "Simulation complete");
+                    client.send(personalizedShutdown);
+                    System.out.println("Sent shutdown message to " + intersectionId);
+                }
+            } catch (SerializationException | IOException e) {
+                System.err.println("Error sending shutdown to " + intersectionId + ": " + e.getMessage());
+            } finally {
+                client.close();
+            }
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("Coordinator shutdown complete");
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+    }
+
+    public void stop() {
+        System.out.println("\nStop signal received...");
+        running = false;
+    }
+
+    private void connectToDashboard() {
+        try {
+            String host = config.getDashboardHost();
+            int port = config.getDashboardPort();
+
+            System.out.println("Connecting to dashboard at " + host + ":" + port);
+            dashboardClient = new SocketClient("Dashboard", host, port);
+            dashboardClient.connect();
+            System.out.println("Successfully connected to dashboard\n");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("WARNING: Failed to connect to dashboard: " + e.getMessage());
+            System.err.println("Coordinator will continue without dashboard connection\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void sendGenerationStatsToDashboard() {
+        if (dashboardClient == null || !dashboardClient.isConnected()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // Create stats payload with vehicle generation count
+            StatsUpdatePayload payload = new StatsUpdatePayload();
+            payload.setTotalVehiclesGenerated(vehicleCounter);
+
+            Message message = new Message(
+                    MessageType.STATS_UPDATE,
+                    "COORDINATOR",
+                    "Dashboard",
+                    payload);
+
+            dashboardClient.send(message);
+        } catch (Exception e) { // This is fine - can add IOException if need be
+            // Don't crash if dashboard update fails
+            System.err.println("Failed to send stats to dashboard: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void sendSimulationStartTime() {
+        long startTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        // Send to all intersections
+        for (Map.Entry<String, SocketClient> entry : intersectionClients.entrySet()) {
+            try {
+                Message message = new Message(
+                        MessageType.SIMULATION_START,
+                        "COORDINATOR",
+                        entry.getKey(),
+                        startTimeMillis);
+                entry.getValue().send(message);
+            } catch (Exception e) { // Same thing here
+                System.err.println("Failed to send start time to " + entry.getKey() + ": " + e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Send to dashboard
+        if (dashboardClient != null && dashboardClient.isConnected()) {
+            try {
+                Message message = new Message(
+                        MessageType.SIMULATION_START,
+                        "COORDINATOR",
+                        "Dashboard",
+                        startTimeMillis);
+                dashboardClient.send(message);
+            } catch (Exception e) { // And here
+                // Don't crash
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/coordinator/SocketClient.java

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+package sd.coordinator;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.net.Socket;
+
+import sd.model.Message;
+import sd.serialization.MessageSerializer;
+import sd.serialization.SerializationException;
+import sd.serialization.SerializerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Cliente socket para comunicação com um processo de interseção.
+ * 
+ * <p>Gere uma ligação TCP persistente para uma interseção,
+ * fornecendo uma forma simples de enviar mensagens serializadas.</p>
+ */
+public class SocketClient {
+    
+    private final String intersectionId;
+    private final String host;
+    private final int port;
+    private Socket socket;
+    private OutputStream outputStream;
+    private MessageSerializer serializer;
+    
+    /**
+     * Cria um novo cliente socket para uma interseção.
+     *
+     * @param intersectionId ID da interseção (ex: "Cr1")
+     * @param host endereço do host (ex: "localhost")
+     * @param port número da porta
+     */
+    public SocketClient(String intersectionId, String host, int port) {
+        this.intersectionId = intersectionId;
+        this.host = host;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.serializer = SerializerFactory.createDefault();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Liga-se ao processo da interseção via TCP.
+     * 
+     * @throws IOException se a ligação não puder ser estabelecida
+     */
+    public void connect() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            socket = new Socket(host, port);
+            outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
+            System.out.println("Connected to " + intersectionId + " at " + host + ":" + port);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Failed to connect to " + intersectionId + " at " + host + ":" + port);
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Envia uma mensagem para a interseção ligada.
+     * A mensagem é serializada e enviada pelo socket.
+     *
+     * @param message mensagem a enviar
+     * @throws SerializationException se a serialização falhar
+     * @throws IOException se a escrita no socket falhar
+     */
+    public void send(Message message) throws SerializationException, IOException {
+        if (socket == null || socket.isClosed()) {
+            throw new IOException("Socket is not connected to " + intersectionId);
+        }
+        
+        try {
+            byte[] data = serializer.serialize(message);
+            
+            int length = data.length;
+            outputStream.write((length >> 24) & 0xFF);
+            outputStream.write((length >> 16) & 0xFF);
+            outputStream.write((length >> 8) & 0xFF);
+            outputStream.write(length & 0xFF);
+            
+            outputStream.write(data);
+            outputStream.flush();
+            
+        } catch (SerializationException | IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Error sending message to " + intersectionId + ": " + e.getMessage());
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Closes the socket connection safely.
+     * Calling it multiple times won’t cause issues.
+     */
+    public void close() {
+        try {
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                outputStream.close();
+            }
+            if (socket != null && !socket.isClosed()) {
+                socket.close();
+                System.out.println("Closed connection to " + intersectionId);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Error closing connection to " + intersectionId + ": " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @return true if connected and socket is open, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean isConnected() {
+        return socket != null && socket.isConnected() && !socket.isClosed();
+    }
+    
+    public String getIntersectionId() {
+        return intersectionId;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format("SocketClient[intersection=%s, host=%s, port=%d, connected=%s]",
+            intersectionId, host, port, isConnected());
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/dashboard/ConfigurationDialog.java

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+package sd.dashboard;
+
+import javafx.geometry.Insets;
+import javafx.scene.control.ButtonType;
+import javafx.scene.control.ComboBox;
+import javafx.scene.control.Dialog;
+import javafx.scene.control.Label;
+import javafx.scene.control.Separator;
+import javafx.scene.control.Spinner;
+import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane;
+import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
+import javafx.stage.Modality;
+import javafx.stage.Stage;
+
+/**
+ * Diálogo para configuração avançada de parâmetros da simulação.
+ * Permite ajustar parâmetros em runtime antes de iniciar a simulação.
+ */
+public class ConfigurationDialog {
+
+    /**
+     * Mostra um diálogo com opções avançadas de configuração.
+     * 
+     * @param owner janela pai
+     * @return true se o utilizador confirmar, false se cancelar
+     */
+    public static boolean showAdvancedConfig(Stage owner) {
+        Dialog<ButtonType> dialog = new Dialog<>();
+        dialog.initOwner(owner);
+        dialog.initModality(Modality.APPLICATION_MODAL);
+        dialog.setTitle("Configuração Avançada da Simulação");
+        dialog.setHeaderText("Ajustar parâmetros da simulação");
+
+        // Criar painel de configuração
+        VBox content = new VBox(15);
+        content.setPadding(new Insets(20));
+
+        // Seção 1: Parâmetros de Chegada
+        Label arrivalHeader = new Label("Parâmetros de Chegada de Veículos");
+        arrivalHeader.setStyle("-fx-font-weight: bold; -fx-font-size: 14px;");
+        
+        GridPane arrivalGrid = new GridPane();
+        arrivalGrid.setHgap(10);
+        arrivalGrid.setVgap(10);
+        arrivalGrid.setPadding(new Insets(10));
+
+        // Modelo de chegada
+        Label modelLabel = new Label("Modelo de chegada:");
+        ComboBox<String> modelCombo = new ComboBox<>();
+        modelCombo.getItems().addAll("POISSON", "FIXED");
+        modelCombo.setValue("POISSON");
+        arrivalGrid.add(modelLabel, 0, 0);
+        arrivalGrid.add(modelCombo, 1, 0);
+
+        // Taxa de chegada (λ)
+        Label rateLabel = new Label("Taxa de chegada (λ) [veículos/s]:");
+        Spinner<Double> rateSpinner = new Spinner<>(0.1, 2.0, 0.5, 0.1);
+        rateSpinner.setEditable(true);
+        rateSpinner.setPrefWidth(100);
+        arrivalGrid.add(rateLabel, 0, 1);
+        arrivalGrid.add(rateSpinner, 1, 1);
+
+        // Intervalo fixo (se aplicável)
+        Label intervalLabel = new Label("Intervalo fixo [s]:");
+        Spinner<Double> intervalSpinner = new Spinner<>(0.5, 10.0, 2.0, 0.5);
+        intervalSpinner.setEditable(true);
+        intervalSpinner.setPrefWidth(100);
+        intervalSpinner.setDisable(true);
+        arrivalGrid.add(intervalLabel, 0, 2);
+        arrivalGrid.add(intervalSpinner, 1, 2);
+
+        // Habilitar/desabilitar intervalo baseado no modelo
+        modelCombo.setOnAction(e -> {
+            boolean isFixed = "FIXED".equals(modelCombo.getValue());
+            intervalSpinner.setDisable(!isFixed);
+            rateSpinner.setDisable(isFixed);
+        });
+
+        // Seção 2: Parâmetros de Tempo
+        Label timeHeader = new Label("Parâmetros de Tempo");
+        timeHeader.setStyle("-fx-font-weight: bold; -fx-font-size: 14px;");
+        
+        GridPane timeGrid = new GridPane();
+        timeGrid.setHgap(10);
+        timeGrid.setVgap(10);
+        timeGrid.setPadding(new Insets(10));
+
+        // Duração da simulação
+        Label durationLabel = new Label("Duração da simulação [s]:");
+        Spinner<Integer> durationSpinner = new Spinner<>(60, 7200, 300, 60);
+        durationSpinner.setEditable(true);
+        durationSpinner.setPrefWidth(100);
+        timeGrid.add(durationLabel, 0, 0);
+        timeGrid.add(durationSpinner, 1, 0);
+
+        // Escala temporal (para visualização)
+        Label scaleLabel = new Label("Escala temporal (0=instantâneo, 1=tempo real):");
+        Spinner<Double> scaleSpinner = new Spinner<>(0.0, 1.0, 0.01, 0.01);
+        scaleSpinner.setEditable(true);
+        scaleSpinner.setPrefWidth(100);
+        timeGrid.add(scaleLabel, 0, 1);
+        timeGrid.add(scaleSpinner, 1, 1);
+
+        // Tempo de drenagem
+        Label drainLabel = new Label("Tempo de drenagem [s]:");
+        Spinner<Integer> drainSpinner = new Spinner<>(0, 300, 60, 10);
+        drainSpinner.setEditable(true);
+        drainSpinner.setPrefWidth(100);
+        timeGrid.add(drainLabel, 0, 2);
+        timeGrid.add(drainSpinner, 1, 2);
+
+        // Seção 3: Distribuição de Tipos de Veículos
+        Label vehicleHeader = new Label("Distribuição de Tipos de Veículos");
+        vehicleHeader.setStyle("-fx-font-weight: bold; -fx-font-size: 14px;");
+        
+        GridPane vehicleGrid = new GridPane();
+        vehicleGrid.setHgap(10);
+        vehicleGrid.setVgap(10);
+        vehicleGrid.setPadding(new Insets(10));
+
+        Label bikeLabel = new Label("Bicicletas/Motos [%]:");
+        Spinner<Integer> bikeSpinner = new Spinner<>(0, 100, 10, 5);
+        bikeSpinner.setEditable(true);
+        bikeSpinner.setPrefWidth(100);
+        vehicleGrid.add(bikeLabel, 0, 0);
+        vehicleGrid.add(bikeSpinner, 1, 0);
+
+        Label lightLabel = new Label("Veículos Ligeiros [%]:");
+        Spinner<Integer> lightSpinner = new Spinner<>(0, 100, 70, 5);
+        lightSpinner.setEditable(true);
+        lightSpinner.setPrefWidth(100);
+        vehicleGrid.add(lightLabel, 0, 1);
+        vehicleGrid.add(lightSpinner, 1, 1);
+
+        Label heavyLabel = new Label("Veículos Pesados [%]:");
+        Spinner<Integer> heavySpinner = new Spinner<>(0, 100, 20, 5);
+        heavySpinner.setEditable(true);
+        heavySpinner.setPrefWidth(100);
+        vehicleGrid.add(heavyLabel, 0, 2);
+        vehicleGrid.add(heavySpinner, 1, 2);
+
+        // Nota informativa
+        Label noteLabel = new Label("Nota: Estes parâmetros sobrepõem os valores do ficheiro .properties selecionado.\n" +
+                                    "Para usar os valores padrão do ficheiro, deixe em branco ou cancele.");
+        noteLabel.setWrapText(true);
+        noteLabel.setStyle("-fx-font-size: 11px; -fx-text-fill: #666666;");
+
+        // Adicionar tudo ao conteúdo
+        content.getChildren().addAll(
+            arrivalHeader, arrivalGrid,
+            new Separator(),
+            timeHeader, timeGrid,
+            new Separator(),
+            vehicleHeader, vehicleGrid,
+            new Separator(),
+            noteLabel
+        );
+
+        dialog.getDialogPane().setContent(content);
+        dialog.getDialogPane().getButtonTypes().addAll(ButtonType.OK, ButtonType.CANCEL);
+
+        // Mostrar diálogo e processar resultado
+        return dialog.showAndWait()
+                .map(buttonType -> buttonType == ButtonType.OK)
+                .orElse(false);
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/dashboard/DashboardClientHandler.java

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+package sd.dashboard;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import sd.model.MessageType;
+import sd.protocol.MessageProtocol;
+import sd.protocol.SocketConnection;
+
+/**
+ * Processes statistics messages from a single client connection.
+ * Runs in a separate thread per client.
+ */
+public class DashboardClientHandler implements Runnable {
+    
+    private final Socket clientSocket;
+    private final DashboardStatistics statistics;
+    
+    public DashboardClientHandler(Socket clientSocket, DashboardStatistics statistics) {
+        this.clientSocket = clientSocket;
+        this.statistics = statistics;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        String clientInfo = clientSocket.getInetAddress().getHostAddress() + ":" + clientSocket.getPort();
+        
+        try (SocketConnection connection = new SocketConnection(clientSocket)) {
+            System.out.println("[Handler] Started handling client: " + clientInfo);
+            
+            while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {
+                try {
+                    MessageProtocol message = connection.receiveMessage();
+                    
+                    if (message == null) {
+                        System.out.println("[Handler] Client disconnected: " + clientInfo);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    
+                    processMessage(message);
+                    
+                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                    System.err.println("[Handler] Unknown message class from " + clientInfo + ": " + e.getMessage());
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    System.out.println("[Handler] Connection error with " + clientInfo + ": " + e.getMessage());
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("[Handler] Error initializing connection with " + clientInfo + ": " + e.getMessage());
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (!clientSocket.isClosed()) {
+                    clientSocket.close();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                System.err.println("[Handler] Error closing socket for " + clientInfo + ": " + e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void processMessage(MessageProtocol message) {
+        if (message.getType() != MessageType.STATS_UPDATE) {
+            System.out.println("[Handler] Ignoring non-statistics message type: " + message.getType());
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        String senderId = message.getSourceNode();
+        Object payload = message.getPayload();
+        
+        System.out.println("[Handler] Received STATS_UPDATE from: " + senderId);
+        
+        // Handle both direct StatsUpdatePayload and Gson-deserialized Map
+        StatsUpdatePayload stats;
+        if (payload instanceof StatsUpdatePayload) {
+            stats = (StatsUpdatePayload) payload;
+        } else if (payload instanceof java.util.Map) {
+            // Gson deserialized as LinkedHashMap - re-serialize and deserialize properly
+            com.google.gson.Gson gson = new com.google.gson.Gson();
+            String json = gson.toJson(payload);
+            stats = gson.fromJson(json, StatsUpdatePayload.class);
+        } else {
+            System.err.println("[Handler] Unknown payload type: " + 
+                (payload != null ? payload.getClass().getName() : "null"));
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        updateStatistics(senderId, stats);
+    }
+    
+    private void updateStatistics(String senderId, StatsUpdatePayload stats) {
+        if (stats.getTotalVehiclesGenerated() >= 0) {
+            statistics.updateVehiclesGenerated(stats.getTotalVehiclesGenerated());
+        }
+        
+        if (stats.getTotalVehiclesCompleted() >= 0) {
+            statistics.updateVehiclesCompleted(stats.getTotalVehiclesCompleted());
+        }
+        
+        // Exit Node sends cumulative totals, so we SET rather than ADD
+        if (stats.getTotalSystemTime() >= 0) {
+            statistics.setTotalSystemTime(stats.getTotalSystemTime());
+        }
+        
+        if (stats.getTotalWaitingTime() >= 0) {
+            statistics.setTotalWaitingTime(stats.getTotalWaitingTime());
+        }
+        
+        // Process vehicle type statistics (from Exit Node)
+        if (stats.getVehicleTypeCounts() != null && !stats.getVehicleTypeCounts().isEmpty()) {
+            Map<sd.model.VehicleType, Integer> counts = stats.getVehicleTypeCounts();
+            Map<sd.model.VehicleType, Long> waitTimes = stats.getVehicleTypeWaitTimes();
+            
+            for (var entry : counts.entrySet()) {
+                sd.model.VehicleType type = entry.getKey();
+                int count = entry.getValue();
+                long waitTime = (waitTimes != null && waitTimes.containsKey(type)) 
+                    ? waitTimes.get(type) : 0L;
+                statistics.updateVehicleTypeStats(type, count, waitTime);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // Process intersection statistics (from Intersection processes)
+        if (senderId.startsWith("Cr") || senderId.startsWith("E")) {
+            statistics.updateIntersectionStats(
+                senderId,
+                stats.getIntersectionArrivals(),
+                stats.getIntersectionDepartures(),
+                stats.getIntersectionQueueSize()
+            );
+        }
+        
+        System.out.println("[Handler] Successfully updated statistics from: " + senderId);
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/dashboard/DashboardServer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+package sd.dashboard;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import sd.config.SimulationConfig;
+
+/**
+ * Agrega e apresenta estatísticas em tempo real de todos os processos da simulação.
+ * Usa um thread pool para gerir ligações concorrentes de clientes.
+ */
+public class DashboardServer {
+    
+    private final int port;
+    private final DashboardStatistics statistics;
+    private final ExecutorService clientHandlerPool;
+    private final AtomicBoolean running;
+    private ServerSocket serverSocket;
+    
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Check if GUI mode is requested
+        boolean useGUI = false;
+        String configFile = "src/main/resources/simulation.properties";
+        
+        for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+            if (args[i].equals("--gui") || args[i].equals("-g")) {
+                useGUI = true;
+            } else {
+                configFile = args[i];
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if (useGUI) {
+            // Launch JavaFX UI
+            System.out.println("Launching Dashboard with JavaFX GUI...");
+            DashboardUI.main(args);
+        } else {
+            // Traditional terminal mode
+            System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+            System.out.println("DASHBOARD SERVER - DISTRIBUTED TRAFFIC SIMULATION");
+            System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+            
+            try {
+                System.out.println("Loading configuration from: " + configFile);
+                
+                SimulationConfig config = new SimulationConfig(configFile);
+                DashboardServer server = new DashboardServer(config);
+                
+                // Start the server
+                System.out.println("\n" + "=".repeat(60));
+                server.start();
+                
+                // Keep running until interrupted
+                Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(() -> {
+                    System.out.println("\n\nShutdown signal received...");
+                    server.stop();
+                }));
+                
+                // Display statistics periodically
+                server.displayLoop();
+                
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                System.err.println("Failed to start Dashboard Server: " + e.getMessage());
+                System.exit(1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public DashboardServer(SimulationConfig config) {
+        this.port = config.getDashboardPort();
+        this.statistics = new DashboardStatistics();
+        this.clientHandlerPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
+        this.running = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    }
+    
+    public void start() throws IOException {
+        if (running.get()) {
+            System.out.println("Dashboard Server is already running.");
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port);
+        running.set(true);
+        
+        System.out.println("Dashboard Server started on port " + port);
+        System.out.println("Waiting for statistics updates from simulation processes...");
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+        
+        Thread acceptThread = new Thread(this::acceptConnections, "DashboardServer-Accept");
+        acceptThread.setDaemon(false);
+        acceptThread.start();
+    }
+    
+    private void acceptConnections() {
+        while (running.get()) {
+            try {
+                Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();
+                System.out.println("[Connection] New client connected: " + 
+                    clientSocket.getInetAddress().getHostAddress() + ":" + clientSocket.getPort());
+                
+                clientHandlerPool.execute(new DashboardClientHandler(clientSocket, statistics));
+                
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                if (running.get()) {
+                    System.err.println("[Error] Failed to accept client connection: " + e.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @SuppressWarnings("BusyWait")
+    private void displayLoop() {
+        final long DISPLAY_INTERVAL_MS = 5000;
+        
+        while (running.get()) {
+            try {
+                Thread.sleep(DISPLAY_INTERVAL_MS);
+                displayStatistics();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void displayStatistics() {
+        System.out.println("\n" + "=".repeat(60));
+        System.out.println("REAL-TIME SIMULATION STATISTICS");
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+        statistics.display();
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(60));
+    }
+    
+    public void stop() {
+        if (!running.get()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        System.out.println("\nStopping Dashboard Server...");
+        running.set(false);
+        
+        try {
+            if (serverSocket != null && !serverSocket.isClosed()) {
+                serverSocket.close();
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Error closing server socket: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+        
+        clientHandlerPool.shutdownNow();
+        System.out.println("Dashboard Server stopped.");
+    }
+    
+    public DashboardStatistics getStatistics() {
+        return statistics;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isRunning() {
+        return running.get();
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/dashboard/DashboardStatistics.java

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+package sd.dashboard;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import sd.model.VehicleType;
+
+/**
+ * Armazenamento thread-safe de estatísticas agregadas da simulação.
+ * Usa tipos atómicos e coleções concorrentes para atualizações sem locks.
+ */
+public class DashboardStatistics {
+    
+    private final AtomicInteger totalVehiclesGenerated;
+    private final AtomicInteger totalVehiclesCompleted;
+    private final AtomicLong totalSystemTime;
+    private final AtomicLong totalWaitingTime;
+    
+    private final Map<String, IntersectionStats> intersectionStats;
+    private final Map<VehicleType, AtomicInteger> vehicleTypeCount;
+    private final Map<VehicleType, AtomicLong> vehicleTypeWaitTime;
+    
+    private volatile long lastUpdateTime;
+    
+    public DashboardStatistics() {
+        this.totalVehiclesGenerated = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        this.totalVehiclesCompleted = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        this.totalSystemTime = new AtomicLong(0);
+        this.totalWaitingTime = new AtomicLong(0);
+        
+        this.intersectionStats = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+        this.vehicleTypeCount = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+        this.vehicleTypeWaitTime = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+        
+        for (VehicleType type : VehicleType.values()) {
+            vehicleTypeCount.put(type, new AtomicInteger(0));
+            vehicleTypeWaitTime.put(type, new AtomicLong(0));
+        }
+        
+        this.lastUpdateTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    }
+    
+    public void updateVehiclesGenerated(int count) {
+        totalVehiclesGenerated.set(count);
+        updateTimestamp();
+    }
+    
+    public void incrementVehiclesGenerated() {
+        totalVehiclesGenerated.incrementAndGet();
+        updateTimestamp();
+    }
+    
+    public void updateVehiclesCompleted(int count) {
+        totalVehiclesCompleted.set(count);
+        updateTimestamp();
+    }
+    
+    public void incrementVehiclesCompleted() {
+        totalVehiclesCompleted.incrementAndGet();
+        updateTimestamp();
+    }
+    
+    public void addSystemTime(long timeMs) {
+        totalSystemTime.addAndGet(timeMs);
+        updateTimestamp();
+    }
+    
+    public void setTotalSystemTime(long timeMs) {
+        totalSystemTime.set(timeMs);
+        updateTimestamp();
+    }
+    
+    public void addWaitingTime(long timeMs) {
+        totalWaitingTime.addAndGet(timeMs);
+        updateTimestamp();
+    }
+    
+    public void setTotalWaitingTime(long timeMs) {
+        totalWaitingTime.set(timeMs);
+        updateTimestamp();
+    }
+    
+    public void updateVehicleTypeStats(VehicleType type, int count, long waitTimeMs) {
+        vehicleTypeCount.get(type).set(count);
+        vehicleTypeWaitTime.get(type).set(waitTimeMs);
+        updateTimestamp();
+    }
+    
+    public void incrementVehicleType(VehicleType type) {
+        vehicleTypeCount.get(type).incrementAndGet();
+        updateTimestamp();
+    }
+    
+    public void updateIntersectionStats(String intersectionId, int arrivals, 
+                                       int departures, int currentQueueSize) {
+        intersectionStats.compute(intersectionId, (id, stats) -> {
+            if (stats == null) {
+                stats = new IntersectionStats(intersectionId);
+            }
+            stats.updateStats(arrivals, departures, currentQueueSize);
+            return stats;
+        });
+        updateTimestamp();
+    }
+    
+    private void updateTimestamp() {
+        lastUpdateTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    }
+    
+    public int getTotalVehiclesGenerated() {
+        return totalVehiclesGenerated.get();
+    }
+    
+    public int getTotalVehiclesCompleted() {
+        return totalVehiclesCompleted.get();
+    }
+    
+    public double getAverageSystemTime() {
+        int completed = totalVehiclesCompleted.get();
+        if (completed == 0) return 0.0;
+        return (double) totalSystemTime.get() / completed;
+    }
+    
+    public double getAverageWaitingTime() {
+        int completed = totalVehiclesCompleted.get();
+        if (completed == 0) return 0.0;
+        return (double) totalWaitingTime.get() / completed;
+    }
+    
+    public int getVehicleTypeCount(VehicleType type) {
+        return vehicleTypeCount.get(type).get();
+    }
+    
+    public double getAverageWaitingTimeByType(VehicleType type) {
+        int count = vehicleTypeCount.get(type).get();
+        if (count == 0) return 0.0;
+        return (double) vehicleTypeWaitTime.get(type).get() / count;
+    }
+    
+    public IntersectionStats getIntersectionStats(String intersectionId) {
+        return intersectionStats.get(intersectionId);
+    }
+    
+    public Map<String, IntersectionStats> getAllIntersectionStats() {
+        return new HashMap<>(intersectionStats);
+    }
+    
+    public long getLastUpdateTime() {
+        return lastUpdateTime;
+    }
+    
+    public void display() {
+        System.out.println("\n--- GLOBAL STATISTICS ---");
+        System.out.printf("Total Vehicles Generated: %d%n", getTotalVehiclesGenerated());
+        System.out.printf("Total Vehicles Completed: %d%n", getTotalVehiclesCompleted());
+        System.out.printf("Vehicles In Transit: %d%n", 
+            getTotalVehiclesGenerated() - getTotalVehiclesCompleted());
+        System.out.printf("Average System Time: %.2f ms%n", getAverageSystemTime());
+        System.out.printf("Average Waiting Time: %.2f ms%n", getAverageWaitingTime());
+        
+        System.out.println("\n--- VEHICLE TYPE STATISTICS ---");
+        for (VehicleType type : VehicleType.values()) {
+            int count = getVehicleTypeCount(type);
+            double avgWait = getAverageWaitingTimeByType(type);
+            System.out.printf("%s: %d vehicles, avg wait: %.2f ms%n", 
+                type, count, avgWait);
+        }
+        
+        System.out.println("\n--- INTERSECTION STATISTICS ---");
+        if (intersectionStats.isEmpty()) {
+            System.out.println("(No data received yet)");
+        } else {
+            for (IntersectionStats stats : intersectionStats.values()) {
+                stats.display();
+            }
+        }
+        
+        System.out.printf("%nLast Update: %tT%n", lastUpdateTime);
+    }
+    
+    public static class IntersectionStats {
+        private final String intersectionId;
+        private final AtomicInteger totalArrivals;
+        private final AtomicInteger totalDepartures;
+        private final AtomicInteger currentQueueSize;
+        
+        public IntersectionStats(String intersectionId) {
+            this.intersectionId = intersectionId;
+            this.totalArrivals = new AtomicInteger(0);
+            this.totalDepartures = new AtomicInteger(0);
+            this.currentQueueSize = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        }
+        
+        public void updateStats(int arrivals, int departures, int queueSize) {
+            this.totalArrivals.set(arrivals);
+            this.totalDepartures.set(departures);
+            this.currentQueueSize.set(queueSize);
+        }
+        
+        public String getIntersectionId() {
+            return intersectionId;
+        }
+        
+        public int getTotalArrivals() {
+            return totalArrivals.get();
+        }
+        
+        public int getTotalDepartures() {
+            return totalDepartures.get();
+        }
+        
+        public int getCurrentQueueSize() {
+            return currentQueueSize.get();
+        }
+        
+        public void display() {
+            System.out.printf("%s: Arrivals=%d, Departures=%d, Queue=%d%n",
+                intersectionId, getTotalArrivals(), getTotalDepartures(), getCurrentQueueSize());
+        }
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/dashboard/DashboardUI.java

@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+package sd.dashboard;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javafx.application.Application;
+import javafx.application.Platform;
+import javafx.geometry.Insets;
+import javafx.geometry.Pos;
+import javafx.scene.Scene;
+import javafx.scene.control.Alert;
+import javafx.scene.control.Button;
+import javafx.scene.control.ComboBox;
+import javafx.scene.control.Label;
+import javafx.scene.control.TableColumn;
+import javafx.scene.control.TableView;
+import javafx.scene.control.cell.PropertyValueFactory;
+import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;
+import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane;
+import javafx.scene.layout.HBox;
+import javafx.scene.layout.Priority;
+import javafx.scene.layout.Region;
+import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
+import javafx.scene.shape.Circle;
+import javafx.stage.Stage;
+import sd.config.SimulationConfig;
+import sd.model.VehicleType;
+
+/**
+ * JavaFX-based Dashboard UI for displaying real-time simulation statistics.
+ * Provides a graphical interface with auto-updating statistics panels.
+ */
+public class DashboardUI extends Application {
+
+    private DashboardServer server;
+    private DashboardStatistics statistics;
+
+    // Global Statistics Labels
+    private Label lblVehiclesGenerated;
+    private Label lblVehiclesCompleted;
+    private Label lblVehiclesInTransit;
+    private Label lblAvgSystemTime;
+    private Label lblAvgWaitingTime;
+    private Label lblLastUpdate;
+
+    // Vehicle Type Table
+    private TableView<VehicleTypeRow> vehicleTypeTable;
+
+    // Intersection Table
+    private TableView<IntersectionRow> intersectionTable;
+
+    // Update scheduler
+    private ScheduledExecutorService updateScheduler;
+
+    // Configuration controls
+    private ComboBox<String> configFileSelector;
+    private String selectedConfigFile = "simulation.properties";
+    private Label configInfoLabel;
+
+    @Override
+    public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
+        try {
+            // Initialize server
+            String configFile = getParameters().getRaw().isEmpty()
+                    ? "src/main/resources/simulation.properties"
+                    : getParameters().getRaw().get(0);
+
+            SimulationConfig config = new SimulationConfig(configFile);
+            server = new DashboardServer(config);
+            statistics = server.getStatistics();
+
+            // Start the dashboard server
+            server.start();
+
+            // Build UI
+            BorderPane root = new BorderPane();
+            root.getStyleClass().add("root");
+
+            // Header
+            VBox header = createHeader();
+            root.setTop(header);
+
+            // Main content
+            VBox mainContent = createMainContent();
+            root.setCenter(mainContent);
+
+            // Footer
+            HBox footer = createFooter();
+            root.setBottom(footer);
+
+            // Create scene
+            Scene scene = new Scene(root, 1200, 850);
+
+            // Load CSS
+            String cssUrl = getClass().getResource("/dashboard.css").toExternalForm();
+            scene.getStylesheets().add(cssUrl);
+
+            primaryStage.setTitle("Traffic Simulation Dashboard - Real-time Statistics");
+            primaryStage.setScene(scene);
+            primaryStage.show();
+
+            // Start periodic updates
+            startPeriodicUpdates();
+
+            // Handle window close
+            primaryStage.setOnCloseRequest(event -> {
+                shutdown();
+            });
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            showErrorAlert("Failed to start Dashboard Server", e.getMessage());
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            Platform.exit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private VBox createHeader() {
+        VBox header = new VBox(10);
+        header.getStyleClass().add("header");
+        header.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
+
+        Label title = new Label("DISTRIBUTED TRAFFIC SIMULATION DASHBOARD");
+        title.getStyleClass().add("header-title");
+
+        Label subtitle = new Label("Real-time Statistics and Monitoring");
+        subtitle.getStyleClass().add("header-subtitle");
+
+        // Configuration Panel
+        VBox configPanel = createConfigurationPanel();
+
+        // Control Buttons
+        HBox controls = new HBox(15);
+        controls.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
+
+        Button btnStart = new Button("START SIMULATION");
+        btnStart.getStyleClass().add("button-start");
+
+        Button btnStop = new Button("STOP SIMULATION");
+        btnStop.getStyleClass().add("button-stop");
+        btnStop.setDisable(true);
+
+        SimulationProcessManager processManager = new SimulationProcessManager();
+
+        btnStart.setOnAction(e -> {
+            try {
+                // Passar o ficheiro de configuração selecionado
+                processManager.setConfigFile(selectedConfigFile);
+                processManager.startSimulation();
+                btnStart.setDisable(true);
+                btnStop.setDisable(false);
+                configFileSelector.setDisable(true); // Bloquear mudanças durante simulação
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                showErrorAlert("Start Failed", "Could not start simulation processes: " + ex.getMessage());
+            }
+        });
+
+        btnStop.setOnAction(e -> {
+            processManager.stopSimulation();
+            btnStart.setDisable(false);
+            btnStop.setDisable(true);
+            configFileSelector.setDisable(false); // Desbloquear para nova simulação
+        });
+
+        controls.getChildren().addAll(btnStart, btnStop);
+
+        header.getChildren().addAll(title, subtitle, configPanel, controls);
+
+        return header;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cria o painel de configuração com seleção de cenário e parâmetros.
+     */
+    private VBox createConfigurationPanel() {
+        VBox configBox = new VBox(10);
+        configBox.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
+        configBox.setPadding(new Insets(10));
+        configBox.setStyle("-fx-background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05); -fx-background-radius: 5;");
+
+        Label configLabel = new Label("Configuração da Simulação");
+        configLabel.setStyle("-fx-font-size: 14px; -fx-font-weight: bold;");
+
+        HBox configControls = new HBox(20);
+        configControls.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
+
+        // Scenario selector
+        VBox scenarioBox = new VBox(5);
+        scenarioBox.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
+        Label scenarioLabel = new Label("Cenário:");
+        scenarioLabel.setStyle("-fx-font-size: 12px;");
+        
+        configFileSelector = new ComboBox<>();
+        configFileSelector.getItems().addAll(
+            "simulation.properties",
+            "simulation-low.properties",
+            "simulation-medium.properties",
+            "simulation-high.properties"
+        );
+        configFileSelector.setValue("simulation.properties");
+        configFileSelector.setOnAction(e -> {
+            selectedConfigFile = configFileSelector.getValue();
+            updateConfigInfo();
+            System.out.println("Configuração selecionada: " + selectedConfigFile);
+        });
+        
+        scenarioBox.getChildren().addAll(scenarioLabel, configFileSelector);
+        configControls.getChildren().add(scenarioBox);
+
+        // Advanced configuration button
+        Button btnAdvancedConfig = new Button("Configuração Avançada...");
+        btnAdvancedConfig.setStyle("-fx-font-size: 11px;");
+        btnAdvancedConfig.setOnAction(e -> {
+            ConfigurationDialog.showAdvancedConfig((Stage) configBox.getScene().getWindow());
+        });
+        configControls.getChildren().add(btnAdvancedConfig);
+
+        // Configuration info display
+        configInfoLabel = new Label();
+        configInfoLabel.setStyle("-fx-font-size: 11px; -fx-text-fill: #aaaaaa;");
+        configInfoLabel.setWrapText(true);
+        configInfoLabel.setMaxWidth(800);
+        configInfoLabel.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
+        updateConfigInfo();
+
+        configBox.getChildren().addAll(configLabel, configControls, configInfoLabel);
+        return configBox;
+    }
+
+    private VBox createMainContent() {
+        VBox mainContent = new VBox(20);
+        mainContent.setPadding(new Insets(20));
+
+        // Global Statistics Panel
+        VBox globalStatsCard = createGlobalStatisticsPanel();
+
+        // Tables Container
+        HBox tablesContainer = new HBox(20);
+        tablesContainer.setAlignment(Pos.TOP_CENTER);
+
+        // Vehicle Type Statistics Panel
+        VBox vehicleTypeCard = createVehicleTypePanel();
+        HBox.setHgrow(vehicleTypeCard, Priority.ALWAYS);
+
+        // Intersection Statistics Panel
+        VBox intersectionCard = createIntersectionPanel();
+        HBox.setHgrow(intersectionCard, Priority.ALWAYS);
+
+        tablesContainer.getChildren().addAll(vehicleTypeCard, intersectionCard);
+
+        mainContent.getChildren().addAll(globalStatsCard, tablesContainer);
+
+        return mainContent;
+    }
+
+    private VBox createGlobalStatisticsPanel() {
+        VBox card = new VBox();
+        card.getStyleClass().add("card");
+
+        // Card Header
+        HBox cardHeader = new HBox();
+        cardHeader.getStyleClass().add("card-header");
+        Label cardTitle = new Label("Global Statistics");
+        cardTitle.getStyleClass().add("card-title");
+        cardHeader.getChildren().add(cardTitle);
+
+        // Card Content
+        GridPane grid = new GridPane();
+        grid.getStyleClass().add("card-content");
+        grid.setHgap(40);
+        grid.setVgap(15);
+        grid.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
+
+        // Initialize labels
+        lblVehiclesGenerated = createStatValueLabel("0");
+        lblVehiclesCompleted = createStatValueLabel("0");
+        lblVehiclesInTransit = createStatValueLabel("0");
+        lblAvgSystemTime = createStatValueLabel("0.00 s");
+        lblAvgWaitingTime = createStatValueLabel("0.00 s");
+
+        // Add labels with descriptions
+        addStatRow(grid, 0, 0, "Total Vehicles Generated", lblVehiclesGenerated);
+        addStatRow(grid, 1, 0, "Total Vehicles Completed", lblVehiclesCompleted);
+        addStatRow(grid, 2, 0, "Vehicles In Transit", lblVehiclesInTransit);
+        addStatRow(grid, 0, 1, "Average System Time", lblAvgSystemTime);
+        addStatRow(grid, 1, 1, "Average Waiting Time", lblAvgWaitingTime);
+
+        card.getChildren().addAll(cardHeader, grid);
+        return card;
+    }
+
+    private VBox createVehicleTypePanel() {
+        VBox card = new VBox();
+        card.getStyleClass().add("card");
+
+        // Card Header
+        HBox cardHeader = new HBox();
+        cardHeader.getStyleClass().add("card-header");
+        Label cardTitle = new Label("Vehicle Type Statistics");
+        cardTitle.getStyleClass().add("card-title");
+        cardHeader.getChildren().add(cardTitle);
+
+        // Table
+        vehicleTypeTable = new TableView<>();
+        vehicleTypeTable.setColumnResizePolicy(TableView.CONSTRAINED_RESIZE_POLICY);
+        vehicleTypeTable.setPrefHeight(300);
+
+        TableColumn<VehicleTypeRow, String> typeCol = new TableColumn<>("Vehicle Type");
+        typeCol.setCellValueFactory(new PropertyValueFactory<>("vehicleType"));
+
+        TableColumn<VehicleTypeRow, Integer> countCol = new TableColumn<>("Count");
+        countCol.setCellValueFactory(new PropertyValueFactory<>("count"));
+
+        TableColumn<VehicleTypeRow, String> avgWaitCol = new TableColumn<>("Avg Wait Time");
+        avgWaitCol.setCellValueFactory(new PropertyValueFactory<>("avgWaitTime"));
+
+        vehicleTypeTable.getColumns().addAll(typeCol, countCol, avgWaitCol);
+
+        card.getChildren().addAll(cardHeader, vehicleTypeTable);
+        return card;
+    }
+
+    private VBox createIntersectionPanel() {
+        VBox card = new VBox();
+        card.getStyleClass().add("card");
+
+        // Card Header
+        HBox cardHeader = new HBox();
+        cardHeader.getStyleClass().add("card-header");
+        Label cardTitle = new Label("Intersection Statistics");
+        cardTitle.getStyleClass().add("card-title");
+        cardHeader.getChildren().add(cardTitle);
+
+        // Table
+        intersectionTable = new TableView<>();
+        intersectionTable.setColumnResizePolicy(TableView.CONSTRAINED_RESIZE_POLICY);
+        intersectionTable.setPrefHeight(300);
+
+        TableColumn<IntersectionRow, String> idCol = new TableColumn<>("Intersection ID");
+        idCol.setCellValueFactory(new PropertyValueFactory<>("intersectionId"));
+
+        TableColumn<IntersectionRow, Integer> arrivalsCol = new TableColumn<>("Total Arrivals");
+        arrivalsCol.setCellValueFactory(new PropertyValueFactory<>("arrivals"));
+
+        TableColumn<IntersectionRow, Integer> departuresCol = new TableColumn<>("Total Departures");
+        departuresCol.setCellValueFactory(new PropertyValueFactory<>("departures"));
+
+        TableColumn<IntersectionRow, Integer> queueCol = new TableColumn<>("Current Queue");
+        queueCol.setCellValueFactory(new PropertyValueFactory<>("queueSize"));
+
+        intersectionTable.getColumns().addAll(idCol, arrivalsCol, departuresCol, queueCol);
+
+        card.getChildren().addAll(cardHeader, intersectionTable);
+        return card;
+    }
+
+    private HBox createFooter() {
+        HBox footer = new HBox(10);
+        footer.getStyleClass().add("footer");
+        footer.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER_LEFT);
+
+        Label statusLabel = new Label("Status:");
+        statusLabel.getStyleClass().add("footer-text");
+        statusLabel.setStyle("-fx-font-weight: bold;");
+
+        Circle statusIndicator = new Circle(6);
+        statusIndicator.setFill(javafx.scene.paint.Color.LIME);
+
+        Label statusText = new Label("Connected and Receiving Data");
+        statusText.getStyleClass().add("footer-text");
+
+        lblLastUpdate = new Label("Last Update: --:--:--");
+        lblLastUpdate.getStyleClass().add("footer-text");
+
+        Region spacer = new Region();
+        HBox.setHgrow(spacer, Priority.ALWAYS);
+
+        footer.getChildren().addAll(statusLabel, statusIndicator, statusText, spacer, lblLastUpdate);
+
+        return footer;
+    }
+
+    private Label createStatValueLabel(String initialValue) {
+        Label label = new Label(initialValue);
+        label.getStyleClass().add("stat-value");
+        return label;
+    }
+
+    private void addStatRow(GridPane grid, int row, int colGroup, String description, Label valueLabel) {
+        VBox container = new VBox(5);
+        container.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER_LEFT);
+
+        Label descLabel = new Label(description);
+        descLabel.getStyleClass().add("stat-label");
+
+        container.getChildren().addAll(descLabel, valueLabel);
+
+        grid.add(container, colGroup, row);
+    }
+
+    private void startPeriodicUpdates() {
+        updateScheduler = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();
+        updateScheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {
+            Platform.runLater(this::updateUI);
+        }, 0, 100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    }
+
+    private void updateUI() {
+        // Update global statistics
+        lblVehiclesGenerated.setText(String.valueOf(statistics.getTotalVehiclesGenerated()));
+        lblVehiclesCompleted.setText(String.valueOf(statistics.getTotalVehiclesCompleted()));
+        lblVehiclesInTransit.setText(String.valueOf(
+                statistics.getTotalVehiclesGenerated() - statistics.getTotalVehiclesCompleted()));
+        lblAvgSystemTime.setText(String.format("%.2f s", statistics.getAverageSystemTime() / 1000.0));
+        lblAvgWaitingTime.setText(String.format("%.2f s", statistics.getAverageWaitingTime() / 1000.0));
+        lblLastUpdate.setText(String.format("Last Update: %tT", statistics.getLastUpdateTime()));
+
+        // Update vehicle type table
+        vehicleTypeTable.getItems().clear();
+        for (VehicleType type : VehicleType.values()) {
+            int count = statistics.getVehicleTypeCount(type);
+            double avgWait = statistics.getAverageWaitingTimeByType(type);
+            vehicleTypeTable.getItems().add(new VehicleTypeRow(
+                    type.toString(), count, String.format("%.2f s", avgWait / 1000.0)));
+        }
+
+        // Update intersection table
+        intersectionTable.getItems().clear();
+        Map<String, DashboardStatistics.IntersectionStats> intersectionStats = statistics.getAllIntersectionStats();
+        for (DashboardStatistics.IntersectionStats stats : intersectionStats.values()) {
+            intersectionTable.getItems().add(new IntersectionRow(
+                    stats.getIntersectionId(),
+                    stats.getTotalArrivals(),
+                    stats.getTotalDepartures(),
+                    stats.getCurrentQueueSize()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Atualiza a informação exibida sobre a configuração selecionada.
+     */
+    private void updateConfigInfo() {
+        String info = "";
+        switch (selectedConfigFile) {
+            case "simulation-low.properties":
+                info = "🟢 CARGA BAIXA: 0.2 veículos/s (~720/hora) | Sem congestionamento esperado";
+                break;
+            case "simulation-medium.properties":
+                info = "🟡 CARGA MÉDIA: 0.5 veículos/s (~1800/hora) | Algum congestionamento esperado";
+                break;
+            case "simulation-high.properties":
+                info = "🔴 CARGA ALTA: 1.0 veículo/s (~3600/hora) | Congestionamento significativo esperado";
+                break;
+            default:
+                info = "⚙️ CONFIGURAÇÃO PADRÃO: Verificar ficheiro para parâmetros";
+                break;
+        }
+        configInfoLabel.setText(info);
+    }
+
+    private void shutdown() {
+        System.out.println("Shutting down Dashboard UI...");
+
+        if (updateScheduler != null && !updateScheduler.isShutdown()) {
+            updateScheduler.shutdownNow();
+        }
+
+        if (server != null) {
+            server.stop();
+        }
+
+        Platform.exit();
+    }
+
+    private void showErrorAlert(String title, String message) {
+        Alert alert = new Alert(Alert.AlertType.ERROR);
+        alert.setTitle(title);
+        alert.setHeaderText(null);
+        alert.setContentText(message);
+        alert.showAndWait();
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        launch(args);
+    }
+
+    // Inner classes for TableView data models
+    public static class VehicleTypeRow {
+        private final String vehicleType;
+        private final int count;
+        private final String avgWaitTime;
+
+        public VehicleTypeRow(String vehicleType, int count, String avgWaitTime) {
+            this.vehicleType = vehicleType;
+            this.count = count;
+            this.avgWaitTime = avgWaitTime;
+        }
+
+        public String getVehicleType() {
+            return vehicleType;
+        }
+
+        public int getCount() {
+            return count;
+        }
+
+        public String getAvgWaitTime() {
+            return avgWaitTime;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class IntersectionRow {
+        private final String intersectionId;
+        private final int arrivals;
+        private final int departures;
+        private final int queueSize;
+
+        public IntersectionRow(String intersectionId, int arrivals, int departures, int queueSize) {
+            this.intersectionId = intersectionId;
+            this.arrivals = arrivals;
+            this.departures = departures;
+            this.queueSize = queueSize;
+        }
+
+        public String getIntersectionId() {
+            return intersectionId;
+        }
+
+        public int getArrivals() {
+            return arrivals;
+        }
+
+        public int getDepartures() {
+            return departures;
+        }
+
+        public int getQueueSize() {
+            return queueSize;
+        }
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/dashboard/Launcher.java

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package sd.dashboard;
+
+public class Launcher {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        DashboardUI.main(args);
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/dashboard/SimulationProcessManager.java

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+package sd.dashboard;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Gere o ciclo de vida dos processos de simulação (Intersections, Exit Node,
+ * Coordinator).
+ * Permite iniciar e parar a simulação distribuída dentro da aplicação Java.
+ */
+public class SimulationProcessManager {
+
+    private final List<Process> runningProcesses;
+    private final String classpath;
+    private String configFile;
+
+    public SimulationProcessManager() {
+        this.runningProcesses = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.classpath = System.getProperty("java.class.path");
+        this.configFile = "src/main/resources/simulation.properties";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Define o ficheiro de configuração a usar.
+     * 
+     * @param configFile nome do ficheiro (ex: "simulation-low.properties")
+     */
+    public void setConfigFile(String configFile) {
+        this.configFile = "src/main/resources/" + configFile;
+        System.out.println("Configuration file set to: " + this.configFile);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inicia a simulação completa: 5 Intersections, 1 Exit Node, e 1 Coordinator.
+     * 
+     * @throws IOException se um processo falhar ao iniciar
+     */
+    public void startSimulation() throws IOException {
+        if (!runningProcesses.isEmpty()) {
+            stopSimulation();
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("Starting simulation processes...");
+
+        // 1. Start Intersections (Cr1 - Cr5)
+        String[] intersectionIds = { "Cr1", "Cr2", "Cr3", "Cr4", "Cr5" };
+        for (String id : intersectionIds) {
+            startProcess("sd.IntersectionProcess", id);
+        }
+
+        // 2. Start Exit Node
+        startProcess("sd.ExitNodeProcess", null);
+
+        // 3. Start Coordinator (Wait a bit for others to initialize)
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+        startProcess("sd.coordinator.CoordinatorProcess", null);
+
+        System.out.println("All simulation processes started.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stops all running simulation processes.
+     */
+    public void stopSimulation() {
+        System.out.println("Stopping simulation processes...");
+
+        for (Process process : runningProcesses) {
+            if (process.isAlive()) {
+                process.destroy(); // Try graceful termination first
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Wait a bit and force kill if necessary
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(500);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+
+        for (Process process : runningProcesses) {
+            if (process.isAlive()) {
+                process.destroyForcibly();
+            }
+        }
+
+        runningProcesses.clear();
+        System.out.println("All simulation processes stopped.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper para iniciar um único processo Java.
+     */
+    private void startProcess(String className, String arg) throws IOException {
+        String javaBin = System.getProperty("java.home") + File.separator + "bin" + File.separator + "java";
+
+        ProcessBuilder builder;
+        if (arg != null) {
+            builder = new ProcessBuilder(javaBin, "-cp", classpath, className, arg, configFile);
+        } else {
+            builder = new ProcessBuilder(javaBin, "-cp", classpath, className, configFile);
+        }
+
+        // get the OS temp folder
+        // Linux: /tmp/
+        // Windows: %AppData%\Local\Temp\
+        String tempDir = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
+
+        String logName = className.substring(className.lastIndexOf('.') + 1) + (arg != null ? "-" + arg : "") + ".log";
+
+        // use the (File parent, String child) constructor to handle slash/backslash
+        // automatically
+        File logFile = new File(tempDir, logName);
+
+        builder.redirectOutput(logFile);
+        builder.redirectError(logFile);
+
+        Process process = builder.start();
+        runningProcesses.add(process);
+        System.out.println("Started " + className + (arg != null ? " " + arg : ""));
+        // print where the logs are actually going
+        System.out.println("Logs redirected to: " + logFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/dashboard/StatsMessage.java

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package sd.dashboard;
+
+import sd.model.MessageType;
+import sd.protocol.MessageProtocol;
+
+/**
+ * Message wrapper for sending statistics to the dashboard.
+ */
+public class StatsMessage implements MessageProtocol {
+    
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    
+    private final String sourceNode;
+    private final String destinationNode;
+    private final StatsUpdatePayload payload;
+    
+    public StatsMessage(String sourceNode, StatsUpdatePayload payload) {
+        this.sourceNode = sourceNode;
+        this.destinationNode = "DashboardServer";
+        this.payload = payload;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public MessageType getType() {
+        return MessageType.STATS_UPDATE;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public Object getPayload() {
+        return payload;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getSourceNode() {
+        return sourceNode;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getDestinationNode() {
+        return destinationNode;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format("StatsMessage[from=%s, to=%s, payload=%s]", 
+            sourceNode, destinationNode, payload);
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/dashboard/StatsUpdatePayload.java

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+package sd.dashboard;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import sd.model.VehicleType;
+
+/**
+ * DTO para atualizações de estatísticas ao dashboard.
+ * Campos com valor -1 não são atualizados nesta mensagem.
+ */
+public class StatsUpdatePayload implements Serializable {
+    
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    
+    private int totalVehiclesGenerated = -1;
+    private int totalVehiclesCompleted = -1;
+    private long totalSystemTime = -1;
+    private long totalWaitingTime = -1;
+    
+    private int intersectionArrivals = 0;
+    private int intersectionDepartures = 0;
+    private int intersectionQueueSize = 0;
+    
+    private Map<VehicleType, Integer> vehicleTypeCounts;
+    private Map<VehicleType, Long> vehicleTypeWaitTimes;
+    
+    public StatsUpdatePayload() {
+        this.vehicleTypeCounts = new HashMap<>();
+        this.vehicleTypeWaitTimes = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+    
+    public int getTotalVehiclesGenerated() {
+        return totalVehiclesGenerated;
+    }
+    
+    public int getTotalVehiclesCompleted() {
+        return totalVehiclesCompleted;
+    }
+    
+    public long getTotalSystemTime() {
+        return totalSystemTime;
+    }
+    
+    public long getTotalWaitingTime() {
+        return totalWaitingTime;
+    }
+    
+    public int getIntersectionArrivals() {
+        return intersectionArrivals;
+    }
+    
+    public int getIntersectionDepartures() {
+        return intersectionDepartures;
+    }
+    
+    public int getIntersectionQueueSize() {
+        return intersectionQueueSize;
+    }
+    
+    public Map<VehicleType, Integer> getVehicleTypeCounts() {
+        return vehicleTypeCounts;
+    }
+    
+    public Map<VehicleType, Long> getVehicleTypeWaitTimes() {
+        return vehicleTypeWaitTimes;
+    }
+    
+    public StatsUpdatePayload setTotalVehiclesGenerated(int totalVehiclesGenerated) {
+        this.totalVehiclesGenerated = totalVehiclesGenerated;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    public StatsUpdatePayload setTotalVehiclesCompleted(int totalVehiclesCompleted) {
+        this.totalVehiclesCompleted = totalVehiclesCompleted;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    public StatsUpdatePayload setTotalSystemTime(long totalSystemTime) {
+        this.totalSystemTime = totalSystemTime;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    public StatsUpdatePayload setTotalWaitingTime(long totalWaitingTime) {
+        this.totalWaitingTime = totalWaitingTime;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    public StatsUpdatePayload setIntersectionArrivals(int intersectionArrivals) {
+        this.intersectionArrivals = intersectionArrivals;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    public StatsUpdatePayload setIntersectionDepartures(int intersectionDepartures) {
+        this.intersectionDepartures = intersectionDepartures;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    public StatsUpdatePayload setIntersectionQueueSize(int intersectionQueueSize) {
+        this.intersectionQueueSize = intersectionQueueSize;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    public StatsUpdatePayload setVehicleTypeCounts(Map<VehicleType, Integer> vehicleTypeCounts) {
+        this.vehicleTypeCounts = vehicleTypeCounts;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    public StatsUpdatePayload setVehicleTypeWaitTimes(Map<VehicleType, Long> vehicleTypeWaitTimes) {
+        this.vehicleTypeWaitTimes = vehicleTypeWaitTimes;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format("StatsUpdatePayload[generated=%d, completed=%d, arrivals=%d, departures=%d, queueSize=%d]",
+            totalVehiclesGenerated, totalVehiclesCompleted, intersectionArrivals, 
+            intersectionDepartures, intersectionQueueSize);
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/des/DESEventType.java

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package sd.des;
+
+/**
+ * Tipos de eventos discretos da simulação.
+ * 
+ * <p>Representa os eventos DES que avançam o estado da simulação,
+ * não categorias de logging (EventType está noutro package).
+ */
+public enum DESEventType {
+    /** Gerar novo veículo num ponto de entrada */
+    VEHICLE_GENERATION,
+    
+    /** Veículo chega a uma interseção */
+    VEHICLE_ARRIVAL,
+    
+    /** Veículo começa a atravessar o semáforo */
+    VEHICLE_CROSSING_START,
+    
+    /** Veículo termina a travessia */
+    VEHICLE_CROSSING_END,
+    
+    /** Veículo parte para o próximo destino */
+    VEHICLE_DEPARTURE,
+    
+    /** Veículo sai do sistema no nó de saída */
+    VEHICLE_EXIT,
+    
+    /** Semáforo muda de estado (VERMELHO para VERDE ou vice-versa) */
+    TRAFFIC_LIGHT_CHANGE,
+    
+    /** Processar veículos que esperam num semáforo recém-verde */
+    PROCESS_GREEN_LIGHT,
+    
+    /** Atualização periódica de estatísticas */
+    STATISTICS_UPDATE,
+    
+    /** Terminação da simulação */
+    SIMULATION_END
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/des/EventQueue.java

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+package sd.des;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+
+/**
+ * Gere a Lista de Eventos Futuros (FEL) para Simulação de Eventos Discretos.
+ * 
+ * <p>A FEL é uma fila de prioridade que mantém todos os eventos futuros agendados,
+ * ordenados por timestamp. Este é o coração do paradigma DES - a simulação avança
+ * processando eventos em ordem cronológica.</p>
+ */
+public class EventQueue {
+    private final PriorityQueue<SimulationEvent> queue;
+    private final List<SimulationEvent> processedEvents;  // For logging and analysis
+    private final boolean trackHistory;
+    
+    public EventQueue() {
+        this(true);
+    }
+    
+    public EventQueue(boolean trackHistory) {
+        this.queue = new PriorityQueue<>();
+        this.processedEvents = trackHistory ? new ArrayList<>() : null;
+        this.trackHistory = trackHistory;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Agenda um novo evento.
+     * 
+     * @param event evento a agendar
+     */
+    public void schedule(SimulationEvent event) {
+        queue.offer(event);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Agenda um evento com um atraso relativo ao tempo atual.
+     * 
+     * @param currentTime tempo atual da simulação
+     * @param delay atraso em segundos
+     * @param type tipo de evento
+     * @param payload dados do evento
+     * @param location localização do evento
+     */
+    public void scheduleIn(double currentTime, double delay, DESEventType type, 
+                           Object payload, String location) {
+        double eventTime = currentTime + delay;
+        schedule(new SimulationEvent(eventTime, type, payload, location));
+    }
+    
+    /** Obtém o próximo evento sem o remover */
+    public SimulationEvent peek() {
+        return queue.peek();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Obtém e remove o próximo evento.
+     * Se o rastreamento de histórico estiver ativo, adiciona-o aos eventos processados.
+     */
+    public SimulationEvent poll() {
+        SimulationEvent event = queue.poll();
+        if (event != null && trackHistory) {
+            processedEvents.add(event);
+        }
+        return event;
+    }
+    
+    /** Verifica se existem eventos pendentes */
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return queue.isEmpty();
+    }
+    
+    /** @return número de eventos pendentes */
+    public int size() {
+        return queue.size();
+    }
+    
+    /** Limpa todos os eventos pendentes */
+    public void clear() {
+        queue.clear();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Obtém todos os eventos processados (se o rastreamento estiver ativo).
+     * Retorna uma cópia para evitar modificações.
+     */
+    public List<SimulationEvent> getProcessedEvents() {
+        if (!trackHistory) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("History tracking is disabled");
+        }
+        return new ArrayList<>(processedEvents);
+    }
+    
+    /** @return número de eventos processados */
+    public int getProcessedCount() {
+        return trackHistory ? processedEvents.size() : 0;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Exporta o histórico de eventos para uma string formatada.
+     * Útil para debugging e visualização da lista completa de eventos.
+     */
+    public String exportEventHistory() {
+        if (!trackHistory) {
+            return "Event history tracking is disabled";
+        }
+        
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append("=".repeat(80)).append("\n");
+        sb.append("SIMULATION EVENT HISTORY\n");
+        sb.append("Total Events Processed: ").append(processedEvents.size()).append("\n");
+        sb.append("=".repeat(80)).append("\n");
+        sb.append(String.format("%-10s | %-25s | %-20s | %s\n", 
+            "Time", "Event Type", "Location", "Details"));
+        sb.append("-".repeat(80)).append("\n");
+        
+        for (SimulationEvent event : processedEvents) {
+            String details = event.getPayload() != null ? 
+                event.getPayload().getClass().getSimpleName() : "null";
+            sb.append(String.format("%-10.3f | %-25s | %-20s | %s\n",
+                event.getTimestamp(),
+                event.getType(),
+                event.getLocation() != null ? event.getLocation() : "N/A",
+                details));
+        }
+        
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format("EventQueue[pending=%d, processed=%d]", 
+            queue.size(), getProcessedCount());
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/des/SimulationClock.java

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package sd.des;
+
+/**
+ * Gere o tempo de simulação para Simulação de Eventos Discretos.
+ * 
+ * <p>No DES, o tempo avança em saltos discretos de evento para evento,
+ * não de forma contínua como o tempo real.</p>
+ * 
+ * <p>Esta classe garante que todos os processos no sistema distribuído
+ * mantêm uma visão sincronizada do tempo de simulação.</p>
+ */
+public class SimulationClock {
+    private double currentTime;
+    private final double startTime;
+    private final long wallClockStart;
+    
+    public SimulationClock() {
+        this(0.0);
+    }
+    
+    public SimulationClock(double startTime) {
+        this.currentTime = startTime;
+        this.startTime = startTime;
+        this.wallClockStart = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Avança o tempo de simulação para o timestamp dado.
+     * O tempo só pode avançar, nunca recuar.
+     * 
+     * @param newTime novo tempo de simulação
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException se newTime for anterior ao tempo atual
+     */
+    public void advanceTo(double newTime) {
+        if (newTime < currentTime) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                String.format("Cannot move time backwards: %.3f -> %.3f", currentTime, newTime));
+        }
+        this.currentTime = newTime;
+    }
+    
+    /** @return tempo atual da simulação */
+    public double getCurrentTime() {
+        return currentTime;
+    }
+    
+    /** @return tempo de simulação decorrido desde o início */
+    public double getElapsedTime() {
+        return currentTime - startTime;
+    }
+    
+    /** @return tempo real decorrido em milissegundos */
+    public long getWallClockElapsed() {
+        return System.currentTimeMillis() - wallClockStart;
+    }
+    
+    /** Reinicia o relógio para o tempo inicial */
+    public void reset() {
+        this.currentTime = startTime;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format("SimulationClock[time=%.3fs, elapsed=%.3fs]", 
+            currentTime, getElapsedTime());
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/des/SimulationEvent.java

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+package sd.des;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+
+/**
+ * Evento discreto da simulação.
+ * 
+ * <p>Unidade fundamental de execução num sistema DES:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>timestamp - quando ocorre
+ * <li>type - o que acontece
+ * <li>payload - dados associados
+ * <li>location - qual processo o trata
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class SimulationEvent implements Comparable<SimulationEvent>, Serializable {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    
+    private final double timestamp;
+    private final DESEventType type;
+    private final Object payload;
+    private final String location;  // Process ID (e.g., "Cr1", "Coordinator", "Exit")
+    
+    /**
+     * Cria um novo evento de simulação.
+     * 
+     * @param timestamp instante do evento (tempo de simulação em segundos)
+     * @param type tipo de evento
+     * @param payload dados associados (ex: objeto Vehicle)
+     * @param location processo que trata o evento
+     */
+    public SimulationEvent(double timestamp, DESEventType type, Object payload, String location) {
+        this.timestamp = timestamp;
+        this.type = type;
+        this.payload = payload;
+        this.location = location;
+    }
+    
+    /** Cria evento sem localização (para eventos locais) */
+    public SimulationEvent(double timestamp, DESEventType type, Object payload) {
+        this(timestamp, type, payload, null);
+    }
+    
+    public double getTimestamp() {
+        return timestamp;
+    }
+    
+    public DESEventType getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+    
+    public Object getPayload() {
+        return payload;
+    }
+    
+    public String getLocation() {
+        return location;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Ordena eventos por timestamp (mais cedo primeiro).
+     * Em caso de empate, ordena por tipo para determinismo.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(SimulationEvent other) {
+        int timeComparison = Double.compare(this.timestamp, other.timestamp);
+        if (timeComparison != 0) {
+            return timeComparison;
+        }
+        // Tie-breaker: order by event type name
+        return this.type.name().compareTo(other.type.name());
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format("Event[t=%.3f, type=%s, location=%s]", 
+            timestamp, type, location);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (this == obj) return true;
+        if (!(obj instanceof SimulationEvent)) return false;
+        SimulationEvent other = (SimulationEvent) obj;
+        return Double.compare(timestamp, other.timestamp) == 0 &&
+               type == other.type &&
+               (location == null ? other.location == null : location.equals(other.location));
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int result = 17;
+        result = 31 * result + Double.hashCode(timestamp);
+        result = 31 * result + type.hashCode();
+        result = 31 * result + (location != null ? location.hashCode() : 0);
+        return result;
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/des/TrafficLightEvent.java

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package sd.des;
+
+import sd.model.TrafficLight;
+
+/**
+ * Payload for traffic light change events.
+ * Contains the traffic light and its direction.
+ */
+public class TrafficLightEvent {
+    private final TrafficLight light;
+    private final String direction;
+    private final String intersectionId;
+    
+    public TrafficLightEvent(TrafficLight light, String direction, String intersectionId) {
+        this.light = light;
+        this.direction = direction;
+        this.intersectionId = intersectionId;
+    }
+    
+    public TrafficLight getLight() {
+        return light;
+    }
+    
+    public String getDirection() {
+        return direction;
+    }
+    
+    public String getIntersectionId() {
+        return intersectionId;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format("TrafficLightEvent[%s-%s]", intersectionId, direction);
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/logging/EventLogger.java

@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+package sd.logging;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+/**
+ * Sistema de registo centralizado de eventos para a simulação distribuída.
+ * 
+ * <p>Regista todos os eventos da simulação num ficheiro com timestamps e categorização.
+ * Thread-safe e não-bloqueante para impacto mínimo na performance.</p>
+ */
+public class EventLogger {
+    
+    private static EventLogger instance;
+    private static final Object instanceLock = new Object();
+    
+    private final PrintWriter writer;
+    private final BlockingQueue<LogEntry> logQueue;
+    private final Thread writerThread;
+    private final AtomicBoolean running;
+    private final SimpleDateFormat timestampFormat;
+    private final long simulationStartMillis;
+    
+    /** Construtor privado para padrão singleton */
+    private EventLogger(String logFilePath) throws IOException {
+        this.writer = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(logFilePath, false)), true);
+        this.logQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(10000);
+        this.running = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        this.timestampFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS");
+        this.simulationStartMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        
+        writer.println("=".repeat(80));
+        writer.println("SIMULATION EVENT LOG");
+        writer.println("Started: " + timestampFormat.format(new Date()));
+        writer.println("=".repeat(80));
+        writer.println();
+        writer.printf("%-23s | %-8s | %-20s | %-15s | %s\n", 
+            "TIMESTAMP", "REL_TIME", "EVENT_TYPE", "COMPONENT", "DESCRIPTION");
+        writer.println("-".repeat(80));
+        writer.flush();
+        
+        this.writerThread = new Thread(this::processLogQueue, "EventLogger-Writer");
+        this.writerThread.setDaemon(true);
+        this.writerThread.start();
+    }
+    
+    /** Obtém ou cria a instância singleton */
+    public static EventLogger getInstance() {
+        if (instance == null) {
+            synchronized (instanceLock) {
+                if (instance == null) {
+                    try {
+                        String logFile = "logs/simulation-events.log";
+                        java.nio.file.Files.createDirectories(
+                            java.nio.file.Paths.get("logs"));
+                        instance = new EventLogger(logFile);
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        System.err.println("Failed to initialize EventLogger: " + e.getMessage());
+                        e.printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Initialize with custom log file path.
+     */
+    public static void initialize(String logFilePath) throws IOException {
+        synchronized (instanceLock) {
+            if (instance != null) {
+                instance.shutdown();
+            }
+            instance = new EventLogger(logFilePath);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs an event (non-blocking).
+     */
+    public void log(EventType eventType, String component, String description) {
+        if (!running.get()) return;
+        
+        LogEntry entry = new LogEntry(
+            System.currentTimeMillis(),
+            eventType,
+            component,
+            description
+        );
+        
+        // Non-blocking offer - if queue is full, drop oldest
+        if (!logQueue.offer(entry)) {
+            // Queue full - this shouldn't happen with 10k buffer, but handle gracefully
+            System.err.println("EventLogger queue full - dropping event: " + eventType);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs an event with vehicle context.
+     */
+    public void logVehicle(EventType eventType, String component, String vehicleId, String description) {
+        log(eventType, component, "[" + vehicleId + "] " + description);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs an error event.
+     */
+    public void logError(String component, String description, Exception e) {
+        String fullDescription = description + (e != null ? ": " + e.getMessage() : "");
+        log(EventType.ERROR, component, fullDescription);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Background thread that writes log entries to file.
+     */
+    private void processLogQueue() {
+        while (running.get() || !logQueue.isEmpty()) {
+            try {
+                LogEntry entry = logQueue.poll(100, java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                if (entry != null) {
+                    writeEntry(entry);
+                }
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // Flush remaining entries
+        while (!logQueue.isEmpty()) {
+            LogEntry entry = logQueue.poll();
+            if (entry != null) {
+                writeEntry(entry);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Writes a single log entry to file.
+     */
+    private void writeEntry(LogEntry entry) {
+        String timestamp = timestampFormat.format(new Date(entry.timestampMillis));
+        double relativeTime = (entry.timestampMillis - simulationStartMillis) / 1000.0;
+        
+        writer.printf("%-23s | %8.3fs | %-20s | %-15s | %s\n",
+            timestamp,
+            relativeTime,
+            entry.eventType.toString(),
+            truncate(entry.component, 15),
+            entry.description
+        );
+        
+        // Flush periodically for real-time viewing
+        if (logQueue.size() < 10) {
+            writer.flush();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private String truncate(String str, int maxLength) {
+        if (str == null) return "";
+        return str.length() <= maxLength ? str : str.substring(0, maxLength);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Shuts down the logger and flushes all pending entries.
+     */
+    public void shutdown() {
+        if (!running.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+            return;  // Already shut down
+        }
+        
+        try {
+            // Wait for writer thread to finish
+            writerThread.join(5000);  // Wait up to 5 seconds
+            
+            // Write footer
+            writer.println();
+            writer.println("-".repeat(80));
+            writer.println("SIMULATION ENDED");
+            writer.println("Ended: " + timestampFormat.format(new Date()));
+            writer.println("=".repeat(80));
+            
+            writer.close();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Internal class to represent a log entry.
+     */
+    private static class LogEntry {
+        final long timestampMillis;
+        final EventType eventType;
+        final String component;
+        final String description;
+        
+        LogEntry(long timestampMillis, EventType eventType, String component, String description) {
+            this.timestampMillis = timestampMillis;
+            this.eventType = eventType;
+            this.component = component;
+            this.description = description;
+        }
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/logging/EventType.java

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package sd.logging;
+
+/**
+ * Tipos de eventos que podem ocorrer na simulação.
+ * Usados para categorizar e filtrar logs.
+ */
+public enum EventType {
+    VEHICLE_GENERATED("Vehicle Generated"),
+    VEHICLE_ARRIVED("Vehicle Arrived"),
+    VEHICLE_QUEUED("Vehicle Queued"),
+    VEHICLE_DEPARTED("Vehicle Departed"),
+    VEHICLE_EXITED("Vehicle Exited"),
+    
+    LIGHT_CHANGED_GREEN("Light Changed to Green"),
+    LIGHT_CHANGED_RED("Light Changed to Red"),
+    LIGHT_REQUEST_GREEN("Light Requested Green"),
+    LIGHT_RELEASE_GREEN("Light Released Green"),
+    
+    SIMULATION_STARTED("Simulation Started"),
+    SIMULATION_STOPPED("Simulation Stopped"),
+    PROCESS_STARTED("Process Started"),
+    PROCESS_STOPPED("Process Stopped"),
+    
+    STATS_UPDATE("Statistics Update"),
+    
+    CONNECTION_ESTABLISHED("Connection Established"),
+    CONNECTION_LOST("Connection Lost"),
+    MESSAGE_SENT("Message Sent"),
+    MESSAGE_RECEIVED("Message Received"),
+    
+    ERROR("Error");
+    
+    private final String displayName;
+    
+    EventType(String displayName) {
+        this.displayName = displayName;
+    }
+    
+    public String getDisplayName() {
+        return displayName;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return displayName;
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/logging/VehicleTracer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+package sd.logging;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+import sd.model.Vehicle;
+
+/**
+ * Rastreia e regista a viagem completa de veículos individuais.
+ * 
+ * <p>Cria ficheiros de trace detalhados com:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>Timestamps de todos os eventos
+ * <li>Localizações (interseções)
+ * <li>Tempos de espera em cada semáforo
+ * <li>Tempos de travessia
+ * <li>Tempo total no sistema
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class VehicleTracer {
+    
+    private static VehicleTracer instance;
+    private static final Object instanceLock = new Object();
+    
+    private final Map<String, VehicleTrace> trackedVehicles;
+    private final SimpleDateFormat timestampFormat;
+    private final long simulationStartMillis;
+    private final String traceDirectory;
+    
+    /** Construtor privado (singleton) */
+    private VehicleTracer(String traceDirectory) {
+        this.trackedVehicles = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+        this.timestampFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS");
+        this.simulationStartMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        this.traceDirectory = traceDirectory;
+        
+        try {
+            java.nio.file.Files.createDirectories(java.nio.file.Paths.get(traceDirectory));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Failed to create trace directory: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /** Obtém ou cria a instância singleton */
+    public static VehicleTracer getInstance() {
+        if (instance == null) {
+            synchronized (instanceLock) {
+                if (instance == null) {
+                    instance = new VehicleTracer("logs/traces");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+    
+    /** Inicializa com diretório de trace customizado */
+    public static void initialize(String traceDirectory) {
+        synchronized (instanceLock) {
+            if (instance != null) {
+                instance.shutdown();
+            }
+            instance = new VehicleTracer(traceDirectory);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Começa a rastrear um veículo específico.
+     * Cria ficheiro de trace para este veículo.
+     */
+    public void startTracking(String vehicleId) {
+        if (trackedVehicles.containsKey(vehicleId)) {
+            return;  // Already tracking
+        }
+        
+        VehicleTrace trace = new VehicleTrace(vehicleId, traceDirectory);
+        trackedVehicles.put(vehicleId, trace);
+        
+        trace.logEvent("TRACKING_STARTED", "", "Started tracking vehicle " + vehicleId);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Stops tracking a vehicle and closes its trace file.
+     */
+    public void stopTracking(String vehicleId) {
+        VehicleTrace trace = trackedVehicles.remove(vehicleId);
+        if (trace != null) {
+            trace.logEvent("TRACKING_STOPPED", "", "Stopped tracking vehicle " + vehicleId);
+            trace.close();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Checks if a vehicle is being tracked.
+     */
+    public boolean isTracking(String vehicleId) {
+        return trackedVehicles.containsKey(vehicleId);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs when a vehicle is generated.
+     */
+    public void logGenerated(Vehicle vehicle) {
+        if (!isTracking(vehicle.getId())) return;
+        
+        VehicleTrace trace = trackedVehicles.get(vehicle.getId());
+        if (trace != null) {
+            trace.logEvent("GENERATED", "Coordinator", 
+                String.format("Type: %s, Entry Time: %.2fs, Route: %s", 
+                    vehicle.getType(), vehicle.getEntryTime(), vehicle.getRoute()));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs when a vehicle arrives at an intersection.
+     */
+    public void logArrival(String vehicleId, String intersection, double simulationTime) {
+        if (!isTracking(vehicleId)) return;
+        
+        VehicleTrace trace = trackedVehicles.get(vehicleId);
+        if (trace != null) {
+            trace.logEvent("ARRIVED", intersection, 
+                String.format("Arrived at %s (sim time: %.2fs)", intersection, simulationTime));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs when a vehicle is queued at a traffic light.
+     */
+    public void logQueued(String vehicleId, String intersection, String direction, int queuePosition) {
+        if (!isTracking(vehicleId)) return;
+        
+        VehicleTrace trace = trackedVehicles.get(vehicleId);
+        if (trace != null) {
+            trace.logEvent("QUEUED", intersection, 
+                String.format("Queued at %s-%s (position: %d)", intersection, direction, queuePosition));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs when a vehicle starts waiting at a red light.
+     */
+    public void logWaitingStart(String vehicleId, String intersection, String direction) {
+        if (!isTracking(vehicleId)) return;
+        
+        VehicleTrace trace = trackedVehicles.get(vehicleId);
+        if (trace != null) {
+            trace.logEvent("WAITING_START", intersection, 
+                String.format("Started waiting at %s-%s (light is RED)", intersection, direction));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs when a vehicle finishes waiting (light turns green).
+     */
+    public void logWaitingEnd(String vehicleId, String intersection, String direction, double waitTime) {
+        if (!isTracking(vehicleId)) return;
+        
+        VehicleTrace trace = trackedVehicles.get(vehicleId);
+        if (trace != null) {
+            trace.logEvent("WAITING_END", intersection, 
+                String.format("Finished waiting at %s-%s (waited %.2fs)", intersection, direction, waitTime));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs when a vehicle starts crossing an intersection.
+     */
+    public void logCrossingStart(String vehicleId, String intersection, String direction) {
+        if (!isTracking(vehicleId)) return;
+        
+        VehicleTrace trace = trackedVehicles.get(vehicleId);
+        if (trace != null) {
+            trace.logEvent("CROSSING_START", intersection, 
+                String.format("Started crossing %s-%s (light is GREEN)", intersection, direction));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs when a vehicle finishes crossing an intersection.
+     */
+    public void logCrossingEnd(String vehicleId, String intersection, double crossingTime) {
+        if (!isTracking(vehicleId)) return;
+        
+        VehicleTrace trace = trackedVehicles.get(vehicleId);
+        if (trace != null) {
+            trace.logEvent("CROSSING_END", intersection, 
+                String.format("Finished crossing %s (took %.2fs)", intersection, crossingTime));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs when a vehicle departs from an intersection.
+     */
+    public void logDeparture(String vehicleId, String intersection, String nextDestination) {
+        if (!isTracking(vehicleId)) return;
+        
+        VehicleTrace trace = trackedVehicles.get(vehicleId);
+        if (trace != null) {
+            trace.logEvent("DEPARTED", intersection, 
+                String.format("Departed from %s toward %s", intersection, nextDestination));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Logs when a vehicle exits the system.
+     */
+    public void logExit(Vehicle vehicle, double systemTime) {
+        if (!isTracking(vehicle.getId())) return;
+        
+        VehicleTrace trace = trackedVehicles.get(vehicle.getId());
+        if (trace != null) {
+            trace.logEvent("EXITED", "Exit Node", 
+                String.format("Exited system - Total time: %.2fs, Waiting: %.2fs, Crossing: %.2fs", 
+                    systemTime, vehicle.getTotalWaitingTime(), vehicle.getTotalCrossingTime()));
+            
+            // Write summary
+            trace.writeSummary(vehicle, systemTime);
+            
+            // Stop tracking and close file
+            stopTracking(vehicle.getId());
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Shuts down the tracer and closes all trace files.
+     */
+    public void shutdown() {
+        for (VehicleTrace trace : trackedVehicles.values()) {
+            trace.close();
+        }
+        trackedVehicles.clear();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Internal class to handle tracing for a single vehicle.
+     */
+    private class VehicleTrace {
+        private final String vehicleId;
+        private final PrintWriter writer;
+        private final long traceStartMillis;
+        
+        VehicleTrace(String vehicleId, String directory) {
+            this.vehicleId = vehicleId;
+            this.traceStartMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            
+            PrintWriter w = null;
+            try {
+                String filename = String.format("%s/vehicle-%s.trace", directory, vehicleId);
+                w = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(filename, false)), true);
+                
+                // Write header
+                w.println("=".repeat(80));
+                w.println("VEHICLE TRACE: " + vehicleId);
+                w.println("Trace Started: " + timestampFormat.format(new Date()));
+                w.println("=".repeat(80));
+                w.println();
+                w.printf("%-23s | %-8s | %-15s | %-15s | %s\n", 
+                    "TIMESTAMP", "REL_TIME", "EVENT", "LOCATION", "DESCRIPTION");
+                w.println("-".repeat(80));
+                
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                System.err.println("Failed to create trace file for " + vehicleId + ": " + e.getMessage());
+            }
+            
+            this.writer = w;
+        }
+        
+        void logEvent(String eventType, String location, String description) {
+            if (writer == null) return;
+            
+            long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            String timestamp = timestampFormat.format(new Date(now));
+            double relativeTime = (now - traceStartMillis) / 1000.0;
+            
+            writer.printf("%-23s | %8.3fs | %-15s | %-15s | %s\n",
+                timestamp,
+                relativeTime,
+                truncate(eventType, 15),
+                truncate(location, 15),
+                description
+            );
+            writer.flush();
+        }
+        
+        void writeSummary(Vehicle vehicle, double systemTime) {
+            if (writer == null) return;
+            
+            writer.println();
+            writer.println("=".repeat(80));
+            writer.println("JOURNEY SUMMARY");
+            writer.println("=".repeat(80));
+            writer.println("Vehicle ID: " + vehicle.getId());
+            writer.println("Vehicle Type: " + vehicle.getType());
+            writer.println("Route: " + vehicle.getRoute());
+            writer.println();
+            writer.printf("Entry Time: %.2f seconds\n", vehicle.getEntryTime());
+            writer.printf("Total System Time: %.2f seconds\n", systemTime);
+            writer.printf("Total Waiting Time: %.2f seconds (%.1f%%)\n", 
+                vehicle.getTotalWaitingTime(), 
+                100.0 * vehicle.getTotalWaitingTime() / systemTime);
+            writer.printf("Total Crossing Time: %.2f seconds (%.1f%%)\n", 
+                vehicle.getTotalCrossingTime(),
+                100.0 * vehicle.getTotalCrossingTime() / systemTime);
+            writer.printf("Travel Time: %.2f seconds (%.1f%%)\n",
+                systemTime - vehicle.getTotalWaitingTime() - vehicle.getTotalCrossingTime(),
+                100.0 * (systemTime - vehicle.getTotalWaitingTime() - vehicle.getTotalCrossingTime()) / systemTime);
+            writer.println("=".repeat(80));
+        }
+        
+        void close() {
+            if (writer != null) {
+                writer.println();
+                writer.println("-".repeat(80));
+                writer.println("END OF TRACE");
+                writer.println("=".repeat(80));
+                writer.close();
+            }
+        }
+        
+        private String truncate(String str, int maxLength) {
+            if (str == null) return "";
+            return str.length() <= maxLength ? str : str.substring(0, maxLength);
+        }
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/model/Event.java

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-package sd.model;
-
-import java.io.Serializable;
-
-/**
- * Represents an event in the discrete event simulation.
- * Events are ordered by timestamp for sequential processing.
- */
-public class Event implements Comparable<Event>, Serializable {
-    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
-    
-    private final double timestamp;  // Time when the event occurs
-    private final EventType type;
-    private final Object data;  // Data associated with the event (e.g., Vehicle, traffic light id, etc.)
-    private final String location;  // Intersection or location where the event occurs
-    
-    public Event(double timestamp, EventType type, Object data, String location) {
-        this.timestamp = timestamp;
-        this.type = type;
-        this.data = data;
-        this.location = location;
-    }
-    
-    public Event(double timestamp, EventType type, Object data) {
-        this(timestamp, type, data, null);
-    }
-    
-    @Override
-    public int compareTo(Event other) {
-        // Sort by timestamp (earlier events have priority)
-        int cmp = Double.compare(this.timestamp, other.timestamp);
-        if (cmp == 0) {
-            // If timestamps are equal, sort by event type
-            return this.type.compareTo(other.type);
-        }
-        return cmp;
-    }
-    
-    // Getters
-    public double getTimestamp() {
-        return timestamp;
-    }
-    
-    public EventType getType() {
-        return type;
-    }
-    
-    public Object getData() {
-        return data;
-    }
-    
-    public String getLocation() {
-        return location;
-    }
-    
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return String.format("Event{t=%.2f, type=%s, loc=%s}", 
-                           timestamp, type, location);
-    }
-}

main/src/main/java/sd/model/EventType.java

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-package sd.model;
-
-/**
- * Enumeration representing event types in the simulation.
- */
-public enum EventType {
-    VEHICLE_ARRIVAL,           // Vehicle arrives at an intersection
-    TRAFFIC_LIGHT_CHANGE,      // Traffic light changes state (green/red)
-    CROSSING_START,            // Vehicle starts crossing the intersection
-    CROSSING_END,              // Vehicle finishes crossing
-    VEHICLE_GENERATION,        // New vehicle is generated in the system
-    STATISTICS_UPDATE          // Time to send statistics to dashboard
-}

main/src/main/java/sd/model/Intersection.java

@@ -6,23 +6,52 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 /**
- * Represents an intersection in the traffic simulation.
+ * Representa uma interseção na simulação de tráfego.
  * 
- * Each intersection coordinates multiple traffic lights - one for each direction -
- * and handles routing vehicles based on their next destination.
+ * <p>Uma interseção funciona como um nó central da rede. Não controla lógica diretamente,
+ * mas gere um conjunto de semáforos ({@link TrafficLight}).</p>
+ * 
+ * <p>Responsabilidades principais:</p>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Manter um {@link TrafficLight} para cada direção (Norte, Este, etc.)</li>
+ *   <li>Gerir uma tabela de encaminhamento que mapeia destinos para direções</li>
+ *   <li>Receber veículos e colocá-los na fila do semáforo correto</li>
+ *   <li>Acompanhar estatísticas agregadas do tráfego</li>
+ * </ul>
  */
 public class Intersection {
 
-    // Identity and configuration
-    private final String id;  // ex. "Cr1", "Cr2"
-    private final Map<String, TrafficLight> trafficLights;  // direction -> light
-    private final Map<String, String> routing;              // destination -> direction
+    /** Identificador único da interseção (ex: "Cr1", "Cr2") */
+    private final String id;
     
-    // Stats
+    /**
+     * Mapa com todos os semáforos desta interseção.
+     * Chave: Direção (String, ex: "Norte", "Este")
+     * Valor: Objeto {@link TrafficLight} correspondente
+     */
+    private final Map<String, TrafficLight> trafficLights;
+    
+    /**
+     * Tabela de encaminhamento da interseção.
+     * Chave: Próximo destino (String, ex: "Cr3", "S" para saída)
+     * Valor: Direção que o veículo deve tomar nesta interseção
+     */
+    private final Map<String, String> routing;
+    /** Número total de veículos recebidos por esta interseção */
     private int totalVehiclesReceived;
+    
+    /** Número total de veículos que partiram desta interseção */
     private int totalVehiclesSent;
+    
+    /** Média acumulada do tempo de espera dos veículos nesta interseção */
     private double averageWaitingTime;
 
+    /**
+     * Cria uma nova interseção.
+     * Inicializa mapas vazios para semáforos e encaminhamento.
+     *
+     * @param id identificador único da interseção (ex: "Cr1")
+     */
     public Intersection(String id) {
         this.id = id;
         this.trafficLights = new HashMap<>();
@@ -33,91 +62,166 @@ public class Intersection {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Registers a traffic light under this intersection.
-     * The light is identified by its direction (ex., "North", "East").
+     * Regista um novo semáforo nesta interseção.
+     * O semáforo é mapeado pela sua direção.
+     *
+     * @param trafficLight o semáforo a adicionar
      */
     public void addTrafficLight(TrafficLight trafficLight) {
         trafficLights.put(trafficLight.getDirection(), trafficLight);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Defines how vehicles should be routed through this intersection.
+     * Define uma regra de encaminhamento para esta interseção.
      * 
-     * @param nextDestination The next intersection or exit on the vehicle's route
-     * @param direction       The direction (traffic light) vehicles should take
+     * <p>Por exemplo, {@code configureRoute("Cr3", "Este")} significa:
+     * "Qualquer veículo que chegue aqui com destino 'Cr3' deve ser enviado
+     * para a fila do semáforo da direção Este."</p>
+     *
+     * @param nextDestination ID da próxima interseção ou saída (ex: "Cr3", "S")
+     * @param direction direção (e respetivo semáforo) a usar nesta interseção
      */
     public void configureRoute(String nextDestination, String direction) {
         routing.put(nextDestination, direction);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Accepts an incoming vehicle and places it in the correct queue.
-     * If the route or traffic light can't be found, logs an error.
+     * Recebe um veículo e coloca-o na fila correta.
+     * 
+     * <p>Passos executados:</p>
+     * <ol>
+     *   <li>Incrementa o contador de veículos recebidos</li>
+     *   <li>Obtém o próximo destino do veículo</li>
+     *   <li>Consulta a tabela de encaminhamento para encontrar a direção</li>
+     *   <li>Adiciona o veículo à fila do semáforo apropriado</li>
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @param vehicle o veículo que chega à interseção
      */
     public void receiveVehicle(Vehicle vehicle) {
         totalVehiclesReceived++;
 
+        // Note: Route advancement is handled by SimulationEngine.handleVehicleArrival()
+        // before calling this method, so we don't advance here.
+        
         String nextDestination = vehicle.getCurrentDestination();
+        
+        // Check if vehicle reached final destination
+        if (nextDestination == null) {
+            System.out.printf("[%s] Vehicle %s reached final destination%n", 
+                this.id, vehicle.getId());
+            return;
+        }
+        
         String direction = routing.get(nextDestination);
 
         if (direction != null && trafficLights.containsKey(direction)) {
+            // Found a valid route and light, add vehicle to the queue
             trafficLights.get(direction).addVehicle(vehicle);
         } else {
+            // Routing error: No rule for this destination or no light for that direction
             System.err.printf(
-                "Routing error: could not place vehicle %s (destination: %s)%n",
-                vehicle.getId(), nextDestination
+                "Routing error at %s: could not place vehicle %s (destination: %s, found direction: %s)%n",
+                this.id, vehicle.getId(), nextDestination, direction
             );
         }
     }
 
-    /** Returns the traffic light controlling the given direction, if any. */
+    /**
+     * Retorna a direção que um veículo deve tomar para alcançar um destino.
+     *
+     * @param destination o próximo destino (ex: "Cr3", "S")
+     * @return a direção (ex: "Este"), ou null se não houver rota configurada
+     */
+    public String getDirectionForDestination(String destination) {
+        return routing.get(destination);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retorna o semáforo que controla uma determinada direção.
+     *
+     * @param direction a direção (ex: "Norte")
+     * @return o objeto {@link TrafficLight}, ou null se não existir
+     */
     public TrafficLight getTrafficLight(String direction) {
         return trafficLights.get(direction);
     }
 
-    /** Returns all traffic lights belonging to this intersection. */
+    /**
+     * Retorna uma lista com todos os semáforos desta interseção.
+     *
+     * @return uma nova {@link List} com todos os semáforos
+     */
     public List<TrafficLight> getTrafficLights() {
         return new ArrayList<>(trafficLights.values());
     }
 
-    /** Returns the total number of vehicles currently queued across all directions. */
+    /**
+     * Retorna o número total de veículos em fila em todos os semáforos.
+     * Usa Java Stream API para somar os tamanhos de todas as filas.
+     *
+     * @return a soma dos tamanhos de todas as filas
+     */
     public int getTotalQueueSize() {
         return trafficLights.values().stream()
                 .mapToInt(TrafficLight::getQueueSize)
                 .sum();
     }
 
-    // --- Stats and getters ---
-
+    /**
+     * @return o identificador único desta interseção
+     */
     public String getId() {
         return id;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return o número total de veículos que chegaram a esta interseção
+     */
     public int getTotalVehiclesReceived() {
         return totalVehiclesReceived;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return o número total de veículos que partiram desta interseção
+     */
     public int getTotalVehiclesSent() {
         return totalVehiclesSent;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Incrementa o contador de veículos que partiram com sucesso.
+     * Tipicamente chamado após um veículo completar a travessia.
+     */
     public void incrementVehiclesSent() {
         totalVehiclesSent++;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return a média do tempo de espera dos veículos nesta interseção
+     */
     public double getAverageWaitingTime() {
         return averageWaitingTime;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Updates the running average waiting time with a new sample.
+     * Atualiza a média do tempo de espera com uma nova amostra.
+     * Usa a fórmula: Nova Média = (Média Antiga * (N-1) + Novo Valor) / N
+     *
+     * @param newTime tempo de espera (em segundos) do veículo que acabou de partir
      */
     public void updateAverageWaitingTime(double newTime) {
-        // Weighted incremental average (avoids recalculating from scratch)
-        averageWaitingTime = (averageWaitingTime * (totalVehiclesSent - 1) + newTime)
-                           / totalVehiclesSent;
+        if (totalVehiclesSent > 0) {
+            averageWaitingTime = (averageWaitingTime * (totalVehiclesSent - 1) + newTime)
+                               / totalVehiclesSent;
+        } else if (totalVehiclesSent == 1) {
+            averageWaitingTime = newTime;
+        }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @return representação textual do estado atual da interseção
+     */
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return String.format(

main/src/main/java/sd/model/Message.java

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+package sd.model;
+
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import sd.protocol.MessageProtocol;
+
+/**
+ * Representa uma mensagem trocada entre processos na simulação distribuída.
+ * 
+ * <p>Cada mensagem tem um ID único, tipo, remetente, destino e payload.
+ * Implementa {@link MessageProtocol} que estende Serializable para transmissão pela rede.</p>
+ */
+public class Message implements MessageProtocol {
+    
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    
+    /** Identificador único desta mensagem */
+    private final String messageId;
+    
+    /** Tipo desta mensagem (ex: VEHICLE_TRANSFER, STATS_UPDATE) */
+    private final MessageType type;
+    
+    /** Identificador do processo que enviou esta mensagem */
+    private final String senderId;
+    
+    /** Identificador do processo de destino (pode ser null para broadcast) */
+    private final String destinationId;
+    
+    /** Dados a serem transmitidos (o tipo depende do tipo de mensagem) */
+    private final Object payload;
+    
+    /** Timestamp de criação da mensagem (tempo de simulação ou real) */
+    private final long timestamp;
+    
+    /**
+     * Cria uma nova mensagem com todos os parâmetros.
+     *
+     * @param type tipo da mensagem
+     * @param senderId ID do processo remetente
+     * @param destinationId ID do processo de destino (null para broadcast)
+     * @param payload conteúdo da mensagem
+     * @param timestamp timestamp de criação da mensagem
+     */
+    public Message(MessageType type, String senderId, String destinationId, 
+                   Object payload, long timestamp) {
+        this.messageId = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        this.type = type;
+        this.senderId = senderId;
+        this.destinationId = destinationId;
+        this.payload = payload;
+        this.timestamp = timestamp;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Cria uma nova mensagem usando o tempo atual do sistema como timestamp.
+     *
+     * @param type tipo da mensagem
+     * @param senderId ID do processo remetente
+     * @param destinationId ID do processo de destino
+     * @param payload conteúdo da mensagem
+     */
+    public Message(MessageType type, String senderId, String destinationId, Object payload) {
+        this(type, senderId, destinationId, payload, System.currentTimeMillis());
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Cria uma mensagem de broadcast (sem destino específico).
+     *
+     * @param type tipo da mensagem
+     * @param senderId ID do processo remetente
+     * @param payload conteúdo da mensagem
+     */
+    public Message(MessageType type, String senderId, Object payload) {
+        this(type, senderId, null, payload, System.currentTimeMillis());
+    }
+    
+    //Getters
+    
+    public String getMessageId() {
+        return messageId;
+    }
+    
+    public MessageType getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+    
+    public String getSenderId() {
+        return senderId;
+    }
+    
+    public String getDestinationId() {
+        return destinationId;
+    }
+    
+    public Object getPayload() {
+        return payload;
+    }
+    
+    public long getTimestamp() {
+        return timestamp;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Checks if this is a broadcast message (no specific destination).
+     *
+     * @return true if destinationId is null, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean isBroadcast() {
+        return destinationId == null;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Gets the payload cast to a specific type.
+     * Use with caution and ensure type safety.
+     *
+     * @param <T> The expected payload type
+     * @return The payload cast to type T
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the payload is not of type T
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public <T> T getPayloadAs(Class<T> clazz) {
+        return (T) payload;
+    }
+    
+    // Impl MessageProtocol interface
+    @Override
+    public String getSourceNode() {
+        return senderId;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getDestinationNode() {
+        return destinationId;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format("Message[id=%s, type=%s, from=%s, to=%s, timestamp=%d]",
+                           messageId, type, senderId, 
+                           destinationId != null ? destinationId : "BROADCAST",
+                           timestamp);
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/model/MessageType.java

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package sd.model;
+
+/**
+ * Enumeração que representa todos os tipos de mensagens possíveis para
+ * comunicação distribuída.
+ * Estes tipos são usados para a comunicação entre processos dos diferentes
+ * componentes
+ * do sistema de simulação de tráfego distribuído.
+ */
+public enum MessageType {
+
+    /**
+     * Mensagem para transferir um veículo entre interseções ou processos.
+     * Payload: Objeto Vehicle com o estado atual
+     */
+    VEHICLE_TRANSFER,
+
+    /**
+     * Mensagem para atualizar estatísticas em todo o sistema distribuído.
+     * Payload: Dados estatísticos (tempos de espera, tamanhos de fila, etc.)
+     */
+    STATS_UPDATE,
+
+    /**
+     * Mensagem para sincronizar a hora de início da simulação em todos os
+     * processos.
+     * Payload: Timestamp de início (long milissegundos)
+     */
+    SIMULATION_START,
+
+    /**
+     * Mensagem para notificar sobre a geração de um novo veículo.
+     * Payload: Parâmetros de geração do veículo
+     */
+    VEHICLE_SPAWN,
+
+    /**
+     * Mensagem para sinalizar o encerramento de um processo.
+     * Payload: ID do processo e motivo
+     */
+    SHUTDOWN,
+
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/model/TrafficLight.java

@@ -1,40 +1,71 @@
 package sd.model;
 
+import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Queue;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 
 /**
- * Represents a single traffic light controlling one direction at an intersection.
+ * Representa um semáforo numa interseção.
  * 
- * Each light maintains its own queue of vehicles and alternates between
- * green and red states. It's designed to be thread-safe (maybe...), so multiple
- * threads (like vehicles or controllers) can safely interact with it.
+ * <p>Cada semáforo controla uma direção específica e mantém uma fila de veículos à espera.
+ * Alterna entre os estados VERDE e VERMELHO de acordo com a temporização configurada.</p>
+ * 
+ * <p><strong>Thread-safety:</strong> Usa locks para permitir acesso concorrente seguro entre
+ * a thread de processamento de eventos e as threads de I/O de rede.</p>
  */
 public class TrafficLight {
 
-    // Identity and configuration
-    private final String id;          // ex. "Cr1-N"
-    private final String direction;   // ex. "North", "South", etc.
+    /** Identificador único do semáforo (ex: "Cr1-N") */
+    private final String id;
+
+    /** Direção que este semáforo controla (ex: "Norte", "Sul") */
+    private final String direction;
+
+    /** Estado atual do semáforo (VERDE ou VERMELHO) */
     private TrafficLightState state;
 
-    // Vehicle management
+    /** Fila de veículos à espera neste semáforo */
     private final Queue<Vehicle> queue;
 
-    // Synchronization primitives
+    /**
+     * Lock para proteger o estado mutável ({@link #queue} e {@link #state})
+     * de acesso concorrente.
+     */
     private final Lock lock;
+
+    /** Variável de condição para sinalizar adição de veículos (uso futuro) */
     private final Condition vehicleAdded;
+
+    /** Variável de condição para sinalizar que o semáforo ficou verde (uso futuro) */
     private final Condition lightGreen;
 
-    // Timing configuration (seconds)
+    /** Duração (segundos) que o semáforo permanece VERDE */
     private double greenTime;
+
+    /** Duração (segundos) que o semáforo permanece VERMELHO */
     private double redTime;
 
-    // Basic stats
+    /** Número total de veículos processados por este semáforo */
     private int totalVehiclesProcessed;
 
+    /**
+     * Regista quando os veículos chegam ao semáforo para cálculo do tempo de espera.
+     * Mapeia ID do veículo para timestamp de chegada (milissegundos).
+     */
+    private final Map<String, Long> vehicleArrivalTimes;
+
+    /**
+     * Cria um novo semáforo.
+     *
+     * @param id identificador único (ex: "Cr1-N")
+     * @param direction direção controlada (ex: "Norte")
+     * @param greenTime duração do estado VERDE em segundos
+     * @param redTime duração do estado VERMELHO em segundos
+     */
     public TrafficLight(String id, String direction, double greenTime, double redTime) {
         this.id = id;
         this.direction = direction;
@@ -47,17 +78,23 @@ public class TrafficLight {
 
         this.greenTime = greenTime;
         this.redTime = redTime;
+        this.vehicleArrivalTimes = new HashMap<>();
         this.totalVehiclesProcessed = 0;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Adds a vehicle to the waiting queue.
-     * Signals any waiting threads that a new vehicle has arrived.
+     * Coloca um veículo na fila deste semáforo.
+     * 
+     * Registamos a hora de chegada para podermos calcular mais tarde quanto tempo o
+     * veículo esperou.
+     * 
+     * @param vehicle O veículo que chega ao semáforo.
      */
     public void addVehicle(Vehicle vehicle) {
         lock.lock();
         try {
             queue.offer(vehicle);
+            vehicleArrivalTimes.put(vehicle.getId(), System.currentTimeMillis());
             vehicleAdded.signalAll();
         } finally {
             lock.unlock();
@@ -65,15 +102,32 @@ public class TrafficLight {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Attempts to let one vehicle pass through.
-     * Only works if the light is green; otherwise returns null.
+     * Remove um veículo da fila para travessia.
+     * 
+     * <p>Só remove se:</p>
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>O semáforo estiver VERDE</li>
+     *   <li>Existir pelo menos um veículo na fila</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * <p>Atualiza automaticamente as estatísticas de tempo de espera do veículo.</p>
+     * 
+     * @return o veículo que vai atravessar, ou null se não for possível
      */
     public Vehicle removeVehicle() {
         lock.lock();
         try {
             if (state == TrafficLightState.GREEN && !queue.isEmpty()) {
                 Vehicle vehicle = queue.poll();
-                totalVehiclesProcessed++;
+                if (vehicle != null) {
+                    totalVehiclesProcessed++;
+
+                    Long arrivalTime = vehicleArrivalTimes.remove(vehicle.getId());
+                    if (arrivalTime != null) {
+                        double waitTimeSeconds = (System.currentTimeMillis() - arrivalTime) / 1000.0;
+                        vehicle.addWaitingTime(waitTimeSeconds);
+                    }
+                }
                 return vehicle;
             }
             return null;
@@ -83,9 +137,9 @@ public class TrafficLight {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Changes the light’s state (ex., RED -> GREEN).
-     * When the light turns green, waiting threads are notified.
-     *                  ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
+     * Muda o estado do semáforo.
+     * 
+     * @param newState novo estado (VERDE ou VERMELHO)
      */
     public void changeState(TrafficLightState newState) {
         lock.lock();
@@ -99,7 +153,12 @@ public class TrafficLight {
         }
     }
 
-    /** Returns how many vehicles are currently queued. */
+    /**
+     * Retorna quantos veículos estão atualmente na fila.
+     * Método thread-safe.
+     * 
+     * @return tamanho da fila
+     */
     public int getQueueSize() {
         lock.lock();
         try {
@@ -109,7 +168,12 @@ public class TrafficLight {
         }
     }
 
-    /** Checks whether there are no vehicles waiting. */
+    /**
+     * Verifica se a fila está vazia.
+     * Método thread-safe.
+     *
+     * @return {@code true} se não houver veículos, {@code false} caso contrário
+     */
     public boolean isQueueEmpty() {
         lock.lock();
         try {
@@ -119,16 +183,22 @@ public class TrafficLight {
         }
     }
 
-    // --- Getters & Setters ---
-
+    /** @return identificador único do semáforo */
     public String getId() {
         return id;
     }
 
+    /** @return direção controlada por este semáforo */
     public String getDirection() {
         return direction;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Obtém o estado atual do semáforo.
+     * Método thread-safe.
+     *
+     * @return estado atual (VERDE ou VERMELHO)
+     */
     public TrafficLightState getState() {
         lock.lock();
         try {
@@ -138,43 +208,60 @@ public class TrafficLight {
         }
     }
 
+    /** @return duração configurada do sinal verde em segundos */
     public double getGreenTime() {
         return greenTime;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Define a duração do sinal verde.
+     * 
+     * @param greenTime nova duração em segundos
+     */
     public void setGreenTime(double greenTime) {
         this.greenTime = greenTime;
     }
 
+    /** @return duração configurada do sinal vermelho em segundos */
     public double getRedTime() {
         return redTime;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Define a duração do sinal vermelho.
+     * 
+     * @param redTime nova duração em segundos
+     */
     public void setRedTime(double redTime) {
         this.redTime = redTime;
     }
 
+    /** @return número total de veículos processados por este semáforo */
     public int getTotalVehiclesProcessed() {
         return totalVehiclesProcessed;
     }
 
+    /** @return objeto {@link Lock} para sincronização avançada */
     public Lock getLock() {
         return lock;
     }
 
+    /** @return condição para adição de veículos */
     public Condition getVehicleAdded() {
         return vehicleAdded;
     }
 
+    /** @return condição para semáforo ficar verde */
     public Condition getLightGreen() {
         return lightGreen;
     }
 
+    /** @return representação textual do estado atual do semáforo */
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return String.format(
-            "TrafficLight{id='%s', direction='%s', state=%s, queueSize=%d}",
-            id, direction, state, getQueueSize()
+                "TrafficLight{id='%s', direction='%s', state=%s, queueSize=%d}",
+                id, direction, getState(), getQueueSize()
         );
     }
 }

main/src/main/java/sd/model/TrafficLightState.java

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 package sd.model;
 
 /**
- * Enumeration representing the state of a traffic light.
+ * Estados possíveis de um semáforo ({@link TrafficLight}).
  */
 public enum TrafficLightState {
-    GREEN,      // Allows passage
-    RED         // Blocks passage
+    
+    /** Sinal verde - veículos podem passar */
+    GREEN,
+    
+    /** Sinal vermelho - veículos aguardam na fila */
+    RED
 }

main/src/main/java/sd/model/Vehicle.java

@@ -5,27 +5,57 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 
 /**
- * Represents a single vehicle moving through the simulation.
+ * Representa um veículo que se move pela rede de interseções.
  * 
- * Each vehicle has a route - a sequence of intersections it will pass through -
- * and keeps track of how long it has waited and traveled overall.
+ * <p>Esta classe é o "gémeo digital" de um carro, mota ou camião.
+ * Mantém toda a informação necessária:</p>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Identificação e tipo do veículo</li>
+ *   <li>Rota completa a percorrer</li>
+ *   <li>Métricas de tempo (espera, travessia, total)</li>
+ * </ul>
  * 
- * Serializable so it can be sent between processes or nodes over sockets. type shit
+ * <p>O objeto é serializado e enviado pela rede à medida que o veículo
+ * se move entre processos distribuídos.</p>
  */
 public class Vehicle implements Serializable {
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
-    // Identity and configuration
+    /** Identificador único do veículo (ex: "V1", "V2") */
     private final String id;
+
+    /** Tipo de veículo (BIKE, LIGHT, HEAVY) */
     private final VehicleType type;
-    private final double entryTime;          // When it entered the system
-    private final List<String> route;        // ex., ["Cr1", "Cr3", "S"]
-    private int currentRouteIndex;           // Current position in the route
 
-    // Metrics
-    private double totalWaitingTime;         // Total time spent waiting at red lights
-    private double totalCrossingTime;        // Time spent actually moving between intersections
+    /** Tempo de simulação (em segundos) em que o veículo foi gerado */
+    private final double entryTime;
 
+    /**
+     * Lista ordenada completa de destinos (IDs de interseções e saída "S").
+     * Exemplo: ["Cr1", "Cr3", "S"]
+     */
+    private final List<String> route;
+
+    /**
+     * Índice que acompanha o progresso do veículo ao longo da {@link #route}.
+     * {@code route.get(currentRouteIndex)} é o destino *atual* do veículo.
+     */
+    private int currentRouteIndex;
+
+    /** Tempo total acumulado (segundos) que o veículo passou à espera em semáforos vermelhos */
+    private double totalWaitingTime;
+
+    /** Tempo total acumulado (segundos) que o veículo passou a atravessar interseções */
+    private double totalCrossingTime;
+
+    /**
+     * Cria um novo veículo pronto para se fazer à estrada.
+     * 
+     * @param id        Identificador único (ex: "V1").
+     * @param type      O tipo de veículo (determina velocidade/tamanho).
+     * @param entryTime Quando este veículo entrou na simulação (segundos).
+     * @param route     A lista ordenada de paragens (Interseções -> Saída).
+     */
     public Vehicle(String id, VehicleType type, double entryTime, List<String> route) {
         this.id = id;
         this.type = type;
@@ -37,9 +67,12 @@ public class Vehicle implements Serializable {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Moves the vehicle to the next stop in its route.
+     * Move o GPS interno do veículo para o próximo destino.
      * 
-     * @return true if there are still destinations ahead, false if the route is finished
+     * Chame isto quando um veículo chega a uma interseção para atualizar para onde
+     * deve ir a seguir.
+     * 
+     * @return true se houver mais paragens, false se a viagem terminou.
      */
     public boolean advanceRoute() {
         currentRouteIndex++;
@@ -47,71 +80,93 @@ public class Vehicle implements Serializable {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Gets the current destination (the next intersection or exit).
-     * Returns null if the route is already complete.
+     * Obtém o destino atual (próxima interseção ou saída) para onde o veículo se dirige.
+     *
+     * @return ID do destino atual (ex: "Cr1"), ou {@code null} se a rota terminou
      */
     public String getCurrentDestination() {
         return (currentRouteIndex < route.size()) ? route.get(currentRouteIndex) : null;
     }
 
-    /** Returns true if the vehicle has completed its entire route. */
+    /**
+     * Verifica se o veículo completou toda a sua rota.
+     *
+     * @return {@code true} se chegou ao fim da rota, {@code false} caso contrário
+     */
     public boolean hasReachedEnd() {
         return currentRouteIndex >= route.size();
     }
 
-    // --- Getters and metrics management ---
-
+    /** @return identificador único do veículo */
     public String getId() {
         return id;
     }
 
+    /** @return tipo do veículo */
     public VehicleType getType() {
         return type;
     }
 
+    /** @return tempo de simulação em que o veículo entrou no sistema */
     public double getEntryTime() {
         return entryTime;
     }
 
+    /** @return cópia da rota completa do veículo */
     public List<String> getRoute() {
         return new ArrayList<>(route);
     }
 
+    /** @return índice atual apontando para o destino do veículo na sua rota */
     public int getCurrentRouteIndex() {
         return currentRouteIndex;
     }
 
+    /** @return tempo total acumulado de espera em segundos */
     public double getTotalWaitingTime() {
         return totalWaitingTime;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Adiciona uma duração ao tempo total de espera do veículo.
+     * Chamado quando um veículo começa a atravessar uma interseção.
+     *
+     * @param time duração (em segundos) a adicionar
+     */
     public void addWaitingTime(double time) {
         totalWaitingTime += time;
     }
 
+    /** @return tempo total acumulado de travessia em segundos */
     public double getTotalCrossingTime() {
         return totalCrossingTime;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Adiciona uma duração ao tempo total de travessia do veículo.
+     * Chamado quando um veículo termina de atravessar uma interseção.
+     *
+     * @param time duração (em segundos) a adicionar
+     */
     public void addCrossingTime(double time) {
         totalCrossingTime += time;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Calculates how long the vehicle has been in the system so far.
+     * Calcula o tempo total que o veículo passou no sistema até agora.
      *
-     * @param currentTime the current simulation time
-     * @return total elapsed time since the vehicle entered
+     * @param currentTime tempo atual da simulação
+     * @return tempo total decorrido (em segundos) desde que o veículo foi gerado
      */
     public double getTotalTravelTime(double currentTime) {
         return currentTime - entryTime;
     }
 
+    /** @return representação textual do estado atual do veículo */
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return String.format(
-            "Vehicle{id='%s', type=%s, next='%s', route=%s}",
-            id, type, getCurrentDestination(), route
-        );
+                "Vehicle{id='%s', type=%s, next='%s', route=%s}",
+                id, type, getCurrentDestination(), route);
     }
 }

main/src/main/java/sd/model/VehicleType.java

@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
 package sd.model;
 
 /**
- * Enumeration representing vehicle types in the simulation.
+ * Enumeração dos diferentes tipos de veículos na simulação.
+ * 
+ * <p>Cada tipo pode ter propriedades diferentes como tempo de travessia
+ * e probabilidade de geração, definidas na {@link sd.config.SimulationConfig}.</p>
  */
 public enum VehicleType {
-    BIKE,  // Motorcycle
-    LIGHT,      // Light vehicle (car)
-    HEAVY       // Heavy vehicle (truck, bus)
+    
+    /** Bicicleta ou motocicleta - tempo de travessia curto */
+    BIKE,
+    
+    /** Veículo ligeiro padrão (carro) - tipo mais comum */
+    LIGHT,
+    
+    /** Veículo pesado (camião ou autocarro) - tempo de travessia longo */
+    HEAVY
 }

main/src/main/java/sd/protocol/MessageProtocol.java

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package sd.protocol;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+
+import sd.model.MessageType; // Assuming MessageType is in sd.model or sd.protocol
+
+/**
+ * Contrato para todas as mensagens trocadas no simulador.
+ * 
+ * <p>Garante que mensagens podem ser identificadas e encaminhadas.
+ * Extende Serializable para permitir envio via sockets.
+ */
+public interface MessageProtocol extends Serializable {
+
+    /**
+     * Tipo da mensagem, indicando o seu propósito.
+     * @return tipo (ex: VEHICLE_TRANSFER, STATS_UPDATE)
+     */
+    MessageType getType();
+
+    /**
+     * Dados (payload) que esta mensagem transporta.
+     * 
+     * <p>Tipo depende do MessageType:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>VEHICLE_TRANSFER → objeto Vehicle
+     * <li>STATS_UPDATE → objeto de estatísticas
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @return payload (deve ser Serializable)
+     */
+    Object getPayload();
+
+    /**
+     * ID do nó (processo) que enviou a mensagem.
+     * @return ID de origem (ex: "Cr1", "Cr5", "S")
+     */
+    String getSourceNode();
+
+    /**
+     * ID do nó de destino.
+     * @return ID de destino (ex: "Cr2", "DashboardServer")
+     */
+    String getDestinationNode();
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/protocol/SocketConnection.java

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+package sd.protocol; 
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.net.ConnectException;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import sd.serialization.MessageSerializer;
+import sd.serialization.SerializationException;
+import sd.serialization.SerializerFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Simplifica comunicação via sockets.
+ * Inclui lógica de retry para robustez.
+ */
+public class SocketConnection implements Closeable {
+
+    private final Socket socket;
+    private final OutputStream outputStream;
+    private final InputStream inputStream;
+    private final MessageSerializer serializer;
+
+    /** Número máximo de tentativas de ligação */
+    private static final int MAX_RETRIES = 5; 
+    /** Atraso entre tentativas (milissegundos) */
+    private static final long RETRY_DELAY_MS = 1000; 
+
+    /**
+     * Construtor do cliente que inicia a ligação.
+     * Tenta ligar a um servidor já em escuta, com retry.
+     *
+     * @param host endereço do host (ex: "localhost")
+     * @param port número da porta
+     * @throws IOException se falhar após todas as tentativas
+     * @throws UnknownHostException se o host não for encontrado
+     * @throws InterruptedException se a thread for interrompida
+     */
+    public SocketConnection(String host, int port) throws IOException, UnknownHostException, InterruptedException {
+        Socket tempSocket = null;
+        IOException lastException = null;
+
+        System.out.printf("[SocketConnection] Attempting to connect to %s:%d...%n", host, port);
+
+        // --- Retry Loop ---
+        for (int attempt = 1; attempt <= MAX_RETRIES; attempt++) {
+            try {
+                // Try to establish the connection
+                tempSocket = new Socket(host, port);
+
+                // If successful, break out of the retry loop
+                System.out.printf("[SocketConnection] Connected successfully on attempt %d.%n", attempt);
+                lastException = null; // Clear last error on success
+                break;
+
+            } catch (ConnectException | SocketTimeoutException e) {
+                // These are common errors indicating the server might not be ready.
+                lastException = e;
+                System.out.printf("[SocketConnection] Attempt %d/%d failed: %s. Retrying in %d ms...%n",
+                        attempt, MAX_RETRIES, e.getMessage(), RETRY_DELAY_MS);
+
+                if (attempt < MAX_RETRIES) {
+                    // Wait before the next attempt
+                    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(RETRY_DELAY_MS);
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                // Other IOExceptions might be more permanent, but we retry anyway.
+                 lastException = e;
+                 System.out.printf("[SocketConnection] Attempt %d/%d failed with IOException: %s. Retrying in %d ms...%n",
+                        attempt, MAX_RETRIES, e.getMessage(), RETRY_DELAY_MS);
+                 if (attempt < MAX_RETRIES) {
+                     TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(RETRY_DELAY_MS);
+                 }
+            }
+        } // --- End of Retry Loop ---
+
+        // If after all retries tempSocket is still null, it means connection failed permanently.
+        if (tempSocket == null) {
+            System.err.printf("[SocketConnection] Failed to connect to %s:%d after %d attempts.%n", host, port, MAX_RETRIES);
+            if (lastException != null) {
+                 throw lastException; // Throw the last exception encountered
+            } else {
+                 // Should not happen if loop ran, but as a fallback
+                 throw new IOException("Failed to connect after " + MAX_RETRIES + " attempts, reason unknown.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If connection was successful, assign to final variable and create streams
+        this.socket = tempSocket;
+          
+        this.outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
+        this.inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
+        this.serializer = SerializerFactory.createDefault();
+
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor for the "Server" (who accepts the connection).
+     * Receives a Socket that has already been accepted by a ServerSocket.
+     * No retry logic needed here as the connection is already established.
+     *
+     * @param acceptedSocket The Socket returned by serverSocket.accept().
+     * @throws IOException If stream creation fails.
+     */
+    public SocketConnection(Socket acceptedSocket) throws IOException {
+        this.socket = acceptedSocket;
+        this.outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
+        this.inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
+        this.serializer = SerializerFactory.createDefault();
+        
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends (serializes) a MessageProtocol object over the socket.
+     *
+     * @param message The "envelope" (which contains the Vehicle) to be sent.
+     * @throws IOException If writing to the stream fails or socket is not connected.
+     */
+    public synchronized void sendMessage(MessageProtocol message) throws IOException {
+   if (socket == null || !socket.isConnected()) {
+            throw new IOException("Socket is not connected");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // Serializa para bytes JSON
+            byte[] data = serializer.serialize(message);
+            
+            // Write 4-byte length prefix
+            DataOutputStream dataOut = new DataOutputStream(outputStream);
+            dataOut.writeInt(data.length);
+            dataOut.write(data);
+            dataOut.flush();
+            
+        } catch (SerializationException e) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to serialize message", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tries to read (deserialize) a MessageProtocol object from the socket.
+     *
+     * @return The "envelope" (MessageProtocol) that was received.
+     * @throws IOException If the connection is lost, the stream is corrupted, or socket is not connected.
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException If the received object is unknown.
+     */
+    public MessageProtocol receiveMessage() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+       if (socket == null || !socket.isConnected()) {
+            throw new IOException("Socket is not connected");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // Lê um prefixo de 4 bytes - indicador de tamanho
+            DataInputStream dataIn = new DataInputStream(inputStream);
+            int length = dataIn.readInt();
+            
+            if (length <= 0 || length > 10_000_000) { // Sanity check (10MB max)
+                throw new IOException("Invalid message length: " + length);
+            }
+            
+            // Ler dados da mensagem
+            byte[] data = new byte[length];
+            dataIn.readFully(data);
+            
+            // Deserialize do JSON - use concrete Message class, not interface
+            return serializer.deserialize(data, sd.model.Message.class);
+            
+        } catch (SerializationException e) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to deserialize message", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the socket and all streams (Input and Output).
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        if (inputStream != null) inputStream.close();
+        if (outputStream != null) outputStream.close();
+        if (socket != null) socket.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if the socket is still connected and not closed.
+     */
+    public boolean isConnected() {
+        return socket != null && socket.isConnected() && !socket.isClosed();
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/serialization/JsonMessageSerializer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+package sd.serialization;
+
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
+import com.google.gson.JsonSyntaxException;
+
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+
+/**
+ * JSON-based implementation of {@link MessageSerializer} using Google's Gson library.
+ * 
+ * This serializer converts objects to JSON format for transmission, providing:
+ * - Human-readable message format (easy debugging)
+ * - Cross-platform compatibility
+ * - Smaller message sizes compared to Java native serialization
+ * - Better security (no code execution during deserialization)
+ * 
+ * The serializer is configured with pretty printing disabled by default for
+ * production use, but can be enabled for debugging purposes.
+ * 
+ * Thread-safety: This class is thread-safe as Gson instances are thread-safe.
+ * 
+ * @see MessageSerializer
+ */
+public class JsonMessageSerializer implements MessageSerializer {
+    
+    private final Gson gson;
+    private final boolean prettyPrint;
+    
+    /**
+     * Creates a new JSON serializer with default configuration (no pretty printing).
+     */
+    public JsonMessageSerializer() {
+        this(false);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Creates a new JSON serializer with optional pretty printing.
+     * 
+     * @param prettyPrint If true, JSON output will be formatted with indentation
+     */
+    public JsonMessageSerializer(boolean prettyPrint) {
+        this.prettyPrint = prettyPrint;
+        GsonBuilder builder = new GsonBuilder();
+        
+        if (prettyPrint) {
+            builder.setPrettyPrinting();
+        }
+        
+        // Register custom type adapters here if needed
+        // builder.registerTypeAdapter(Vehicle.class, new VehicleAdapter());
+        
+        this.gson = builder.create();
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public byte[] serialize(Object object) throws SerializationException {
+        if (object == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot serialize null object");
+        }
+        
+        try {
+            String json = gson.toJson(object);
+            return json.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new SerializationException(
+                "Failed to serialize object of type " + object.getClass().getName(), e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public <T> T deserialize(byte[] data, Class<T> clazz) throws SerializationException {
+        if (data == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot deserialize null data");
+        }
+        if (clazz == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Class type cannot be null");
+        }
+        
+        try {
+            String json = new String(data, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+            return gson.fromJson(json, clazz);
+        } catch (JsonSyntaxException e) {
+            throw new SerializationException(
+                "Failed to parse JSON for type " + clazz.getName(), e);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new SerializationException(
+                "Failed to deserialize object of type " + clazz.getName(), e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "JSON (Gson)";
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Returns the underlying Gson instance for advanced usage.
+     * 
+     * @return The Gson instance
+     */
+    public Gson getGson() {
+        return gson;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Checks if pretty printing is enabled.
+     * 
+     * @return true if pretty printing is enabled
+     */
+    public boolean isPrettyPrint() {
+        return prettyPrint;
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/serialization/MessageSerializer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package sd.serialization;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for serializing and deserializing objects for network transmission.
+ * 
+ * This interface provides a common abstraction for different serialization strategies
+ * allowing the system to switch between implementations without changing the communication layer.
+ * 
+ * Implementations must ensure:
+ * - Thread-safety if used in concurrent contexts
+ * - Proper exception handling with meaningful error messages
+ * - Preservation of object state during round-trip serialization
+ * 
+ * @see JsonMessageSerializer
+ */
+public interface MessageSerializer {
+    
+    /**
+     * Serializes an object into a byte array for transmission.
+     * 
+     * @param object The object to serialize (must not be null)
+     * @return A byte array containing the serialized representation
+     * @throws SerializationException If serialization fails
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException If object is null
+     */
+    byte[] serialize(Object object) throws SerializationException;
+    
+    /**
+     * Deserializes a byte array back into an object of the specified type.
+     * 
+     * @param <T> The expected type of the deserialized object
+     * @param data The byte array containing serialized data (must not be null)
+     * @param clazz The class of the expected object type (must not be null)
+     * @return The deserialized object
+     * @throws SerializationException If deserialization fails
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException If data or clazz is null
+     */
+    <T> T deserialize(byte[] data, Class<T> clazz) throws SerializationException;
+    
+    /**
+     * Gets the name of this serialization strategy (e.g., "JSON", "Java Native").
+     * Useful for logging and debugging.
+     * 
+     * @return The serializer name
+     */
+    String getName();
+    
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/serialization/SerializationException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package sd.serialization;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown when serialization or deserialization operations fail.
+ * 
+ * This exception wraps underlying errors (I/O exceptions, parsing errors, etc.)
+ * and provides context about what went wrong during the serialization process.
+ */
+public class SerializationException extends Exception {
+    
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; // Long(64bits) instead of int(32bits)
+    
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new serialization exception with the specified detail message.
+     * 
+     * @param message The detail message
+     */
+    public SerializationException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new serialization exception with the specified detail message
+     * and cause.
+     * 
+     * @param message The detail message
+     * @param cause The cause of this exception
+     */
+    public SerializationException(String message, Throwable cause) {
+        super(message, cause);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new serialization exception with the specified cause.
+     * 
+     * @param cause The cause of this exception
+     */
+    public SerializationException(Throwable cause) {
+        super(cause);
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/serialization/SerializerFactory.java

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package sd.serialization;
+
+/**
+ * Factory for creating {@link MessageSerializer} instances.
+ * 
+ * This factory provides a centralized way to create and configure JSON serializers
+ * using Gson, making it easy to configure serialization throughout the application.
+ * 
+ * The factory can be configured via system properties for easy deployment configuration.
+ * 
+ * Example usage:
+ * <pre>
+ * MessageSerializer serializer = SerializerFactory.createDefault();
+ * byte[] data = serializer.serialize(myObject);
+ * </pre>
+ */
+public class SerializerFactory {
+    
+    /**
+     * System property key for enabling pretty-print in JSON serialization.
+     * Set to "true" for debugging, "false" for production.
+     */
+    public static final String JSON_PRETTY_PRINT_PROPERTY = "sd.serialization.json.prettyPrint";
+    
+    // Default configuration
+    private static final boolean DEFAULT_JSON_PRETTY_PRINT = false;
+    
+    /**
+     * Private constructor to prevent instantiation.
+     */
+    private SerializerFactory() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Factory class cannot be instantiated");
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Creates a JSON serializer based on system configuration.
+     * 
+     * Pretty-print is determined by checking the system property
+     * {@value #JSON_PRETTY_PRINT_PROPERTY}. If not set, defaults to false.
+     * 
+     * @return A configured JsonMessageSerializer instance
+     */
+    public static MessageSerializer createDefault() {
+        boolean prettyPrint = Boolean.getBoolean(JSON_PRETTY_PRINT_PROPERTY);
+        return new JsonMessageSerializer(prettyPrint);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Creates a JSON serializer with default configuration (no pretty printing).
+     * 
+     * @return A JsonMessageSerializer instance
+     */
+    public static MessageSerializer createSerializer() {
+        return createSerializer(DEFAULT_JSON_PRETTY_PRINT);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Creates a JSON serializer with specified pretty-print setting.
+     * 
+     * @param prettyPrint Whether to enable pretty printing
+     * @return A JsonMessageSerializer instance
+     */
+    public static MessageSerializer createSerializer(boolean prettyPrint) {
+        return new JsonMessageSerializer(prettyPrint);
+    }
+}

main/src/main/java/sd/util/RandomGenerator.java

@@ -3,64 +3,98 @@ package sd.util;
 import java.util.Random;
 
 /**
- * Utility class for generating random values used throughout the simulation.
+ * Utilitário para gerar valores aleatórios usados na simulação.
  * 
- * Includes helpers for exponential distributions (for vehicle arrivals),
- * uniform randoms, and probability-based decisions.
+ * <p>Fornece métodos estáticos para:</p>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Gerar intervalos exponencialmente distribuídos (processos de Poisson)</li>
+ *   <li>Gerar inteiros e doubles aleatórios num intervalo</li>
+ *   <li>Tomar decisões baseadas em probabilidade</li>
+ *   <li>Escolher elementos aleatórios de um array</li>
+ * </ul>
+ * 
+ * <p>Usa uma única instância estática de {@link Random}.</p>
  */
 public class RandomGenerator {
 
+    /** Instância partilhada de Random para toda a simulação */
     private static final Random random = new Random();
 
     /**
-     * Returns a random time interval that follows an exponential distribution.
+     * Retorna um intervalo de tempo que segue uma distribuição exponencial.
      * 
-     * Useful for modeling inter-arrival times in a Poisson process.
+     * <p>Componente essencial para modelar processos de Poisson, onde os
+     * tempos entre chegadas seguem uma distribuição exponencial.</p>
      * 
-     * @param lambda the arrival rate (λ)
-     * @return the time interval until the next arrival
+     * <p>Fórmula: {@code Time = -ln(1 - U) / λ}<br>
+     * onde U é um número aleatório uniforme [0, 1) e λ (lambda) é a taxa média de chegada.</p>
+     *
+     * @param lambda taxa média de chegada λ (ex: 0.5 veículos por segundo)
+     * @return intervalo de tempo (segundos) até à próxima chegada
      */
     public static double generateExponentialInterval(double lambda) {
         return Math.log(1 - random.nextDouble()) / -lambda;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns a random integer between {@code min} and {@code max}, inclusive.
+     * Retorna um inteiro aleatório entre {@code min} e {@code max}, inclusive.
+     *
+     * @param min valor mínimo possível
+     * @param max valor máximo possível
+     * @return inteiro aleatório no intervalo [min, max]
      */
     public static int generateRandomInt(int min, int max) {
         return random.nextInt(max - min + 1) + min;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns a random double between {@code min} (inclusive) and {@code max} (exclusive).
+     * Retorna um double aleatório entre {@code min} (inclusive) e {@code max} (exclusivo).
+     *
+     * @param min valor mínimo possível
+     * @param max valor máximo possível
+     * @return double aleatório no intervalo [min, max)
      */
     public static double generateRandomDouble(double min, double max) {
         return min + (max - min) * random.nextDouble();
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns {@code true} with the given probability.
+     * Retorna {@code true} com uma dada probabilidade.
      * 
-     * @param probability a value between 0.0 and 1.0
+     * <p>Útil para tomar decisões ponderadas. Por exemplo,
+     * {@code occursWithProbability(0.3)} retorna {@code true}
+     * aproximadamente 30% das vezes.</p>
+     *
+     * @param probability valor entre 0.0 (nunca) e 1.0 (sempre)
+     * @return {@code true} ou {@code false}, baseado na probabilidade
      */
     public static boolean occursWithProbability(double probability) {
         return random.nextDouble() < probability;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Picks a random element from the given array.
+     * Escolhe um elemento aleatório do array fornecido.
      *
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the array is empty
+     * @param <T> tipo genérico do array
+     * @param array array de onde escolher
+     * @return elemento selecionado aleatoriamente
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException se o array for null ou vazio
      */
     public static <T> T chooseRandom(T[] array) {
-        if (array.length == 0) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be empty.");
+        if (array == null || array.length == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array cannot be null or empty.");
         }
         return array[random.nextInt(array.length)];
     }
 
     /**
-     * Sets the random generator’s seed, allowing reproducible results.
+     * Define a seed do gerador de números aleatórios partilhado.
+     * 
+     * <p>Extremamente útil para debugging e testes, pois permite executar
+     * a simulação múltiplas vezes com a mesma sequência de eventos "aleatórios",
+     * tornando os resultados reproduzíveis.</p>
+     *
+     * @param seed seed a usar
      */
     public static void setSeed(long seed) {
         random.setSeed(seed);

main/src/main/java/sd/util/VehicleGenerator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+package sd.util;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import sd.config.SimulationConfig;
+import sd.model.Vehicle;
+import sd.model.VehicleType;
+
+/**
+ * Gera veículos para a simulação.
+ * 
+ * <p>Esta classe é responsável por duas tarefas principais:</p>
+ * <ol>
+ *   <li>Determinar <em>quando</em> o próximo veículo deve chegar, baseado no
+ *       modelo de chegada (POISSON ou FIXED) da {@link SimulationConfig}</li>
+ *   <li>Criar um novo objeto {@link Vehicle} com tipo e rota selecionados aleatoriamente</li>
+ * </ol>
+ * 
+ * <p>As rotas são predefinidas e organizadas por ponto de entrada (E1, E2, E3).</p>
+ */
+public class VehicleGenerator {
+    
+    private final SimulationConfig config;
+    private final String arrivalModel;
+    /** Lambda (λ) para modelo POISSON */
+    private final double arrivalRate;
+    /** Intervalo para modelo FIXED */
+    private final double fixedInterval;
+    
+    /** Rotas possíveis a partir do ponto de entrada E1 */
+    private final List<RouteWithProbability> e1Routes;
+    /** Rotas possíveis a partir do ponto de entrada E2 */
+    private final List<RouteWithProbability> e2Routes;
+    /** Rotas possíveis a partir do ponto de entrada E3 */
+    private final List<RouteWithProbability> e3Routes;
+    
+    /**
+     * Cria um novo gerador de veículos.
+     * Lê a configuração necessária e inicializa as rotas predefinidas.
+     *
+     * @param config objeto de {@link SimulationConfig}
+     */
+    public VehicleGenerator(SimulationConfig config) {
+        this.config = config;
+        
+        // Cache configuration values for performance
+        this.arrivalModel = config.getArrivalModel();
+        this.arrivalRate = config.getArrivalRate();
+        this.fixedInterval = config.getFixedArrivalInterval();
+        
+        // Initialize route lists
+        this.e1Routes = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.e2Routes = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.e3Routes = new ArrayList<>();
+        initializePossibleRoutes();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Define todas as rotas possíveis que os veículos podem tomar.
+     * As rotas são organizadas por ponto de entrada (E1, E2, E3).
+     * Cada rota tem uma probabilidade que determina a frequência com que é escolhida.
+     */
+    private void initializePossibleRoutes() {
+        e1Routes.add(new RouteWithProbability(
+            Arrays.asList("Cr1", "Cr4", "Cr5", "S"), 0.34));
+        e1Routes.add(new RouteWithProbability(
+            Arrays.asList("Cr1", "Cr2", "Cr5", "S"), 0.33));
+        e1Routes.add(new RouteWithProbability(
+            Arrays.asList("Cr1", "Cr2", "Cr3", "S"), 0.33));
+        
+        e2Routes.add(new RouteWithProbability(
+            Arrays.asList("Cr2", "Cr5", "S"), 0.34));
+        e2Routes.add(new RouteWithProbability(
+            Arrays.asList("Cr2", "Cr3", "S"), 0.33));
+        e2Routes.add(new RouteWithProbability(
+            Arrays.asList("Cr2", "Cr1", "Cr4", "Cr5", "S"), 0.33));
+        
+        e3Routes.add(new RouteWithProbability(
+            Arrays.asList("Cr3", "S"), 0.34));
+        e3Routes.add(new RouteWithProbability(
+            Arrays.asList("Cr3", "Cr2", "Cr5", "S"), 0.33));
+        e3Routes.add(new RouteWithProbability(
+            Arrays.asList("Cr3", "Cr2", "Cr1", "Cr4", "Cr5", "S"), 0.33));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Calcula o tempo <em>absoluto</em> da próxima chegada de veículo
+     * baseado no modelo configurado.
+     * 
+     * @param currentTime tempo atual da simulação, usado como base
+     * @return tempo absoluto (ex: {@code currentTime + intervalo})
+     *         em que o próximo veículo deve ser gerado
+     */
+    public double getNextArrivalTime(double currentTime) {
+        if ("POISSON".equalsIgnoreCase(arrivalModel)) {
+            double interval = RandomGenerator.generateExponentialInterval(arrivalRate);
+            return currentTime + interval;
+        } else {
+            return currentTime + fixedInterval;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Gera um novo objeto {@link Vehicle}.
+     * 
+     * <p>Passos executados:</p>
+     * <ol>
+     *   <li>Seleciona um {@link VehicleType} aleatório baseado em probabilidades</li>
+     *   <li>Seleciona uma rota aleatória (ponto de entrada + caminho)</li>
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @param vehicleId identificador único do novo veículo (ex: "V123")
+     * @param entryTime tempo de simulação em que o veículo é criado
+     * @return novo objeto {@link Vehicle} configurado
+     */
+    public Vehicle generateVehicle(String vehicleId, double entryTime) {
+        VehicleType type = selectVehicleType();
+        List<String> route = selectRandomRoute();
+        
+        return new Vehicle(vehicleId, type, entryTime, route);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Seleciona um {@link VehicleType} (BIKE, LIGHT, HEAVY) baseado nas
+     * probabilidades definidas na {@link SimulationConfig}.
+     * 
+     * <p>Usa técnica de "probabilidade cumulativa":</p>
+     * <ol>
+     *   <li>Obtém número aleatório {@code rand} de [0, 1)</li>
+     *   <li>Se {@code rand < P(Bike)}, retorna BIKE</li>
+     *   <li>Senão se {@code rand < P(Bike) + P(Light)}, retorna LIGHT</li>
+     *   <li>Caso contrário, retorna HEAVY</li>
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @return tipo de veículo selecionado
+     */
+    private VehicleType selectVehicleType() {
+        double bikeProbability = config.getBikeVehicleProbability();
+        double lightProbability = config.getLightVehicleProbability();
+        double heavyProbability = config.getHeavyVehicleProbability();
+        
+        double total = bikeProbability + lightProbability + heavyProbability;
+        if (total == 0) return VehicleType.LIGHT; // Avoid division by zero
+        bikeProbability /= total;
+        lightProbability /= total;
+        
+        double rand = Math.random();
+        
+        if (rand < bikeProbability) {
+            return VehicleType.BIKE;
+        } else if (rand < bikeProbability + lightProbability) {
+            return VehicleType.LIGHT;
+        } else {
+            return VehicleType.HEAVY;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Selects a random route for a new vehicle.
+     * This is a two-step process:
+     * 1. Randomly select an entry point (E1, E2, or E3) with equal probability.
+     * 2. From the chosen entry point's list of routes, select one
+     * based on their defined probabilities (using cumulative probability).
+     *
+     * @return A {@link List} of strings representing the chosen route (e.g., ["Cr1", "Cr4", "S"]).
+     */
+    private List<String> selectRandomRoute() {
+        // Step 1: Randomly select an entry point (E1, E2, or E3)
+        double entryRandom = Math.random();
+        List<RouteWithProbability> selectedRoutes;
+        
+        if (entryRandom < 0.333) {
+            selectedRoutes = e1Routes;
+        } else if (entryRandom < 0.666) {
+            selectedRoutes = e2Routes;
+        } else {
+            selectedRoutes = e3Routes;
+        }
+        
+        // Step 2: Select a route from the chosen list based on cumulative probabilities
+        double routeRand = Math.random();
+        double cumulative = 0.0;
+        
+        for (RouteWithProbability routeWithProb : selectedRoutes) {
+            cumulative += routeWithProb.probability;
+            if (routeRand <= cumulative) {
+                // Return a *copy* of the route to prevent modification
+                return new ArrayList<>(routeWithProb.route);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // Fallback: This should only be reached if probabilities don't sum to 1
+        // (due to floating point errors)
+        return new ArrayList<>(selectedRoutes.get(0).route);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @return A string providing information about the generator's configuration.
+     */
+    public String getInfo() {
+        int totalRoutes = e1Routes.size() + e2Routes.size() + e3Routes.size();
+        return String.format(
+            "VehicleGenerator{model=%s, rate=%.2f, interval=%.2f, routes=%d (E1:%d, E2:%d, E3:%d)}",
+            arrivalModel, arrivalRate, fixedInterval, totalRoutes,
+            e1Routes.size(), e2Routes.size(), e3Routes.size()
+        );
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * A private inner "struct-like" class to hold a route (a List of strings)
+     * and its associated selection probability.
+     */
+    private static class RouteWithProbability {
+        final List<String> route;
+        final double probability;
+        
+        /**
+         * Constructs a new RouteWithProbability pair.
+         * @param route The list of intersection IDs.
+         * @param probability The probability (0.0 to 1.0) of this route
+         * being chosen *from its entry group*.
+         */
+        RouteWithProbability(List<String> route, double probability) {
+            this.route = route;
+            this.probability = probability;
+        }
+    }
+}

main/src/main/resources/dashboard.css

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/* Global Styles */
+.root {
+    -fx-background-color: #f4f7f6;
+    -fx-font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
+}
+
+/* Header */
+.header {
+    -fx-background-color: linear-gradient(to right, #2c3e50, #4ca1af);
+    -fx-padding: 20;
+    -fx-effect: dropshadow(three-pass-box, rgba(0,0,0,0.2), 10, 0, 0, 5);
+}
+
+.header-title {
+    -fx-font-size: 28px;
+    -fx-font-weight: bold;
+    -fx-text-fill: white;
+}
+
+.header-subtitle {
+    -fx-font-size: 16px;
+    -fx-text-fill: #ecf0f1;
+}
+
+/* Buttons */
+.button-start {
+    -fx-background-color: #2ecc71;
+    -fx-text-fill: white;
+    -fx-font-weight: bold;
+    -fx-padding: 10 20;
+    -fx-background-radius: 5;
+    -fx-cursor: hand;
+    -fx-effect: dropshadow(three-pass-box, rgba(0,0,0,0.1), 5, 0, 0, 2);
+}
+
+.button-start:hover {
+    -fx-background-color: #27ae60;
+}
+
+.button-start:disabled {
+    -fx-background-color: #95a5a6;
+    -fx-opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+.button-stop {
+    -fx-background-color: #e74c3c;
+    -fx-text-fill: white;
+    -fx-font-weight: bold;
+    -fx-padding: 10 20;
+    -fx-background-radius: 5;
+    -fx-cursor: hand;
+    -fx-effect: dropshadow(three-pass-box, rgba(0,0,0,0.1), 5, 0, 0, 2);
+}
+
+.button-stop:hover {
+    -fx-background-color: #c0392b;
+}
+
+.button-stop:disabled {
+    -fx-background-color: #95a5a6;
+    -fx-opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+/* Cards / Panels */
+.card {
+    -fx-background-color: white;
+    -fx-background-radius: 8;
+    -fx-effect: dropshadow(three-pass-box, rgba(0,0,0,0.05), 10, 0, 0, 2);
+    -fx-padding: 0; 
+}
+
+.card-header {
+    -fx-background-color: #ecf0f1;
+    -fx-background-radius: 8 8 0 0;
+    -fx-padding: 10 15;
+    -fx-border-color: #bdc3c7;
+    -fx-border-width: 0 0 1 0;
+}
+
+.card-title {
+    -fx-font-size: 16px;
+    -fx-font-weight: bold;
+    -fx-text-fill: #2c3e50;
+}
+
+.card-content {
+    -fx-padding: 15;
+}
+
+/* Statistics Grid */
+.stat-label {
+    -fx-font-size: 14px;
+    -fx-text-fill: #7f8c8d;
+}
+
+.stat-value {
+    -fx-font-size: 20px;
+    -fx-font-weight: bold;
+    -fx-text-fill: #2980b9;
+}
+
+/* Tables */
+.table-view {
+    -fx-background-color: transparent;
+    -fx-border-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.table-view .column-header-background {
+    -fx-background-color: #ecf0f1;
+    -fx-border-color: #bdc3c7;
+    -fx-border-width: 0 0 1 0;
+}
+
+.table-view .column-header .label {
+    -fx-text-fill: #2c3e50;
+    -fx-font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+.table-row-cell {
+    -fx-background-color: white;
+    -fx-border-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.table-row-cell:odd {
+    -fx-background-color: #f9f9f9;
+}
+
+.table-row-cell:selected {
+    -fx-background-color: #3498db;
+    -fx-text-fill: white;
+}
+
+/* Footer */
+.footer {
+    -fx-background-color: #34495e;
+    -fx-padding: 10 20;
+}
+
+.footer-text {
+    -fx-text-fill: #ecf0f1;
+    -fx-font-size: 12px;
+}

main/src/main/resources/network_config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+{
+  "intersections": [
+    {
+      "id": "Cr1",
+      "lights": ["East", "South"],
+      "routes": {
+        "Cr2": "East",
+        "Cr4": "South"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "Cr2",
+      "lights": ["West", "East", "South"],
+      "routes": {
+        "Cr1": "West",
+        "Cr3": "East",
+        "Cr5": "South"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "Cr3",
+      "lights": ["West", "South"],
+      "routes": {
+        "Cr2": "West",
+        "S": "South"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "Cr4",
+      "lights": ["East", "West"],
+      "routes": {
+        "Cr1": "North",
+        "Cr5": "East"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "Cr5",
+      "lights": ["East", "West", "North"],
+      "routes": {
+        "Cr2": "North",
+        "Cr4": "West",
+        "S": "East"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

main/src/main/resources/simulation-high.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# =========================================================
+# Traffic Simulation Configuration - HIGH LOAD SCENARIO
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+# High traffic scenario for testing system under heavy load.
+# Expected: Significant congestion, large queues, system stress test
+# =========================================================
+
+# === NETWORK CONFIGURATION ===
+
+# Intersections (each with its host and port)
+intersection.Cr1.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr1.port=8001
+intersection.Cr2.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr2.port=8002
+intersection.Cr3.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr3.port=8003
+intersection.Cr4.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr4.port=8004
+intersection.Cr5.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr5.port=8005
+
+# Exit node
+exit.host=localhost
+exit.port=9001
+
+# Dashboard server
+dashboard.host=localhost
+dashboard.port=9000
+
+
+# === SIMULATION CONFIGURATION ===
+
+# Total duration in seconds (1800 = 30 minutes)
+simulation.duration=1800
+
+# Vehicle arrival model: FIXED or POISSON
+simulation.arrival.model=POISSON
+
+# λ (lambda): HIGH LOAD = 1.0 vehicle per second (60 vehicles/minute, 3600 vehicles/hour)
+# This is 2x medium load - tests system capacity limits
+simulation.arrival.rate=1.0
+
+# Fixed interval between arrivals (only used if model=FIXED)
+simulation.arrival.fixed.interval=1.0
+
+
+# === TRAFFIC LIGHT TIMINGS ===
+# Format: trafficlight.<intersection>.<direction>.<state>=<seconds>
+# Aggressive timings to maximize throughput under high load
+
+# Intersection 1 (Entry point - longer greens to prevent early backup)
+trafficlight.Cr1.South.green=60.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.South.red=3.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.East.green=60.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.East.red=3.0
+
+# Intersection 2 (Main hub - CRITICAL BOTTLENECK, maximum green times)
+# This is the most critical intersection - all routes converge here
+trafficlight.Cr2.South.green=70.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.South.red=3.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.East.green=80.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.East.red=3.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.West.green=70.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.West.red=3.0
+
+# Intersection 3 (Path to exit - maximize East throughput to exit)
+trafficlight.Cr3.South.green=50.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.South.red=3.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.West.green=40.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.West.red=3.0
+
+# Intersection 4 (High throughput needed toward Cr5)
+trafficlight.Cr4.East.green=70.0
+trafficlight.Cr4.East.red=3.0
+
+# Intersection 5 (Near exit - MAJOR BOTTLENECK, longest green time)
+# All routes funnel through here before exit
+trafficlight.Cr5.East.green=90.0
+trafficlight.Cr5.East.red=3.0
+
+
+# === VEHICLE CONFIGURATION ===
+# Probability distribution for vehicle types (must sum to 1.0)
+vehicle.probability.bike=0.2
+vehicle.probability.light=0.6
+vehicle.probability.heavy=0.2
+
+# Average crossing times (in seconds)
+vehicle.crossing.time.bike=1.0
+vehicle.crossing.time.light=2.0
+vehicle.crossing.time.heavy=4.0
+
+# Travel times between intersections (in seconds)
+# Base time for light vehicles (cars)
+vehicle.travel.time.base=1.0
+# Bike travel time = 0.5 × car travel time
+vehicle.travel.time.bike.multiplier=0.5
+# Heavy vehicle travel time = 4.0 x base travel time
+vehicle.travel.time.heavy.multiplier=4.0
+
+# === STATISTICS ===
+
+# Interval between dashboard updates (seconds)
+statistics.update.interval=10.0
+
+# === EXPECTED BEHAVIOR - HIGH LOAD ===
+# - Average system time: 200-400+ seconds (3-7+ minutes)
+# - Maximum queue sizes: 15-30+ vehicles at Cr2 and Cr5
+# - Average queue sizes: 8-15+ vehicles
+# - Severe congestion at Cr2 (main convergence point)
+# - Severe congestion at Cr5 (pre-exit bottleneck)
+# - System utilization: ~80-95%
+# - Many vehicles will remain in system at simulation end
+# - Queue growth may be unbounded if arrival rate exceeds service rate
+# - Primary bottlenecks: Cr2 (3-way convergence) and Cr5 (final funnel)
+# - This scenario tests maximum system capacity and traffic light optimization
+# - Expected to demonstrate need for adaptive traffic light policies

main/src/main/resources/simulation-low.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# =========================================================
+# Traffic Simulation Configuration - LOW LOAD SCENARIO
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+# Low traffic scenario for testing system under light load.
+# Expected: No congestion, minimal queues, fast vehicle throughput
+# =========================================================
+
+# === NETWORK CONFIGURATION ===
+
+# Intersections (each with its host and port)
+intersection.Cr1.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr1.port=8001
+intersection.Cr2.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr2.port=8002
+intersection.Cr3.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr3.port=8003
+intersection.Cr4.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr4.port=8004
+intersection.Cr5.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr5.port=8005
+
+# Exit node
+exit.host=localhost
+exit.port=9001
+
+# Dashboard server
+dashboard.host=localhost
+dashboard.port=9000
+
+
+# === SIMULATION CONFIGURATION ===
+
+# Total duration in seconds (1800 = 30 minutes)
+simulation.duration=1800
+
+# Vehicle arrival model: FIXED or POISSON
+simulation.arrival.model=POISSON
+
+# λ (lambda): LOW LOAD = 0.2 vehicles per second (12 vehicles/minute, 720 vehicles/hour)
+# This is approximately 40% of medium load
+simulation.arrival.rate=0.2
+
+# Fixed interval between arrivals (only used if model=FIXED)
+simulation.arrival.fixed.interval=5.0
+
+
+# === TRAFFIC LIGHT TIMINGS ===
+# Format: trafficlight.<intersection>.<direction>.<state>=<seconds>
+# Standard timings - should be more than adequate for low load
+
+# Intersection 1 (Entry point - balanced)
+trafficlight.Cr1.South.green=30.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.South.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.East.green=30.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.East.red=5.0
+
+# Intersection 2 (Main hub - shorter cycles, favor East-West)
+trafficlight.Cr2.South.green=30.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.South.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.East.green=30.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.East.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.West.green=30.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.West.red=5.0
+
+# Intersection 3 (Path to exit - favor East)
+trafficlight.Cr3.South.green=30.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.South.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.West.green=30.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.West.red=5.0
+
+# Intersection 4 (Favor East toward Cr5)
+trafficlight.Cr4.East.green=30.0
+trafficlight.Cr4.East.red=5.0
+
+# Intersection 5 (Near exit - favor East)
+trafficlight.Cr5.East.green=30.0
+trafficlight.Cr5.East.red=5.0
+
+
+# === VEHICLE CONFIGURATION ===
+# Probability distribution for vehicle types (must sum to 1.0)
+vehicle.probability.bike=0.2
+vehicle.probability.light=0.6
+vehicle.probability.heavy=0.2
+
+# Average crossing times (in seconds)
+vehicle.crossing.time.bike=1.0
+vehicle.crossing.time.light=2.0
+vehicle.crossing.time.heavy=4.0
+
+# Travel times between intersections (in seconds)
+# Base time for light vehicles (cars)
+vehicle.travel.time.base=1.0
+# Bike travel time = 0.5 × car travel time
+vehicle.travel.time.bike.multiplier=0.5
+# Heavy vehicle travel time = 4.0 x base travel time
+vehicle.travel.time.heavy.multiplier=4.0
+
+# === STATISTICS ===
+
+# Interval between dashboard updates (seconds)
+statistics.update.interval=10.0
+
+# === EXPECTED BEHAVIOR - LOW LOAD ===
+# - Average system time: 40-80 seconds
+# - Maximum queue sizes: 1-3 vehicles
+# - Average queue sizes: < 1 vehicle
+# - Vehicles should flow smoothly through the system
+# - Minimal waiting at traffic lights (mostly travel time)
+# - System utilization: ~20-30%
+# - All vehicles should exit within simulation time

main/src/main/resources/simulation-medium.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# =========================================================
+# Traffic Simulation Configuration - MEDIUM LOAD SCENARIO
+# ---------------------------------------------------------
+# Medium traffic scenario for testing system under normal load.
+# Expected: Moderate queues, some congestion at peak intersections
+# =========================================================
+
+# === NETWORK CONFIGURATION ===
+
+# Intersections (each with its host and port)
+intersection.Cr1.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr1.port=8001
+intersection.Cr2.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr2.port=8002
+intersection.Cr3.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr3.port=8003
+intersection.Cr4.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr4.port=8004
+intersection.Cr5.host=localhost
+intersection.Cr5.port=8005
+
+# Exit node
+exit.host=localhost
+exit.port=9001
+
+# Dashboard server
+dashboard.host=localhost
+dashboard.port=9000
+
+
+# === SIMULATION CONFIGURATION ===
+
+# Total duration in seconds (1800 = 30 minutes)
+simulation.duration=1800
+
+# Vehicle arrival model: FIXED or POISSON
+simulation.arrival.model=POISSON
+
+# λ (lambda): MEDIUM LOAD = 0.5 vehicles per second (30 vehicles/minute, 1800 vehicles/hour)
+# This represents normal traffic conditions
+simulation.arrival.rate=0.5
+
+# Fixed interval between arrivals (only used if model=FIXED)
+simulation.arrival.fixed.interval=2.0
+
+
+# === TRAFFIC LIGHT TIMINGS ===
+# Format: trafficlight.<intersection>.<direction>.<state>=<seconds>
+# Optimized timings for medium load
+
+# Intersection 1 (Entry point - balanced)
+trafficlight.Cr1.South.green=40.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.South.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.East.green=40.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.East.red=5.0
+
+# Intersection 2 (Main hub - CRITICAL BOTTLENECK, longer green times)
+trafficlight.Cr2.South.green=45.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.South.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.East.green=50.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.East.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.West.green=45.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.West.red=5.0
+
+# Intersection 3 (Path to exit - favor East toward exit)
+trafficlight.Cr3.South.green=40.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.South.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.West.green=35.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.West.red=5.0
+
+# Intersection 4 (Favor East toward Cr5)
+trafficlight.Cr4.East.green=40.0
+trafficlight.Cr4.East.red=5.0
+
+# Intersection 5 (Near exit - POTENTIAL BOTTLENECK, longer green)
+trafficlight.Cr5.East.green=50.0
+trafficlight.Cr5.East.red=5.0
+
+
+# === VEHICLE CONFIGURATION ===
+# Probability distribution for vehicle types (must sum to 1.0)
+vehicle.probability.bike=0.2
+vehicle.probability.light=0.6
+vehicle.probability.heavy=0.2
+
+# Average crossing times (in seconds)
+vehicle.crossing.time.bike=1.0
+vehicle.crossing.time.light=2.0
+vehicle.crossing.time.heavy=4.0
+
+# Travel times between intersections (in seconds)
+# Base time for light vehicles (cars)
+vehicle.travel.time.base=1.0
+# Bike travel time = 0.5 × car travel time
+vehicle.travel.time.bike.multiplier=0.5
+# Heavy vehicle travel time = 4.0 x base travel time
+vehicle.travel.time.heavy.multiplier=4.0
+
+# === STATISTICS ===
+
+# Interval between dashboard updates (seconds)
+statistics.update.interval=10.0
+
+# === EXPECTED BEHAVIOR - MEDIUM LOAD ===
+# - Average system time: 80-150 seconds
+# - Maximum queue sizes: 5-10 vehicles at Cr2 and Cr5
+# - Average queue sizes: 2-5 vehicles
+# - Moderate congestion at Cr2 (main hub) and Cr5 (pre-exit)
+# - System utilization: ~50-60%
+# - Most vehicles should exit, some may remain at simulation end
+# - Cr2 is the primary bottleneck (3 directions converge)
+# - Cr5 is secondary bottleneck (all routes pass through)

main/src/main/resources/simulation.properties

@@ -31,7 +31,11 @@ dashboard.port=9000
 # === SIMULATION CONFIGURATION ===
 
 # Total duration in seconds (3600 = 1 hour)
-simulation.duration=3600.0
+simulation.duration=300
+
+# Time scaling factor for visualization (real_seconds = sim_seconds * scale)
+# 0 = instant (pure DES), 0.01 = 100x speed, 0.1 = 10x speed, 1.0 = real-time
+simulation.time.scale=0.01
 
 # Vehicle arrival model: FIXED or POISSON
 simulation.arrival.model=POISSON
@@ -46,55 +50,34 @@ simulation.arrival.fixed.interval=2.0
 # === TRAFFIC LIGHT TIMINGS ===
 # Format: trafficlight.<intersection>.<direction>.<state>=<seconds>
 
-# Intersection 1
-trafficlight.Cr1.North.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr1.North.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr1.South.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr1.South.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr1.East.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr1.East.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr1.West.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr1.West.red=30.0
+# Intersection 1 (Entry point - balanced)
+trafficlight.Cr1.South.green=60.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.South.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.East.green=60.0
+trafficlight.Cr1.East.red=5.0
 
-# Intersection 2
-trafficlight.Cr2.North.green=25.0
-trafficlight.Cr2.North.red=35.0
-trafficlight.Cr2.South.green=25.0
-trafficlight.Cr2.South.red=35.0
-trafficlight.Cr2.East.green=35.0
-trafficlight.Cr2.East.red=25.0
-trafficlight.Cr2.West.green=35.0
-trafficlight.Cr2.West.red=25.0
+# Intersection 2 (Main hub - shorter cycles, favor East-West)
+trafficlight.Cr2.South.green=60.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.South.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.East.green=60.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.East.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.West.green=60.0
+trafficlight.Cr2.West.red=5.0
 
-# Intersection 3
-trafficlight.Cr3.North.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr3.North.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr3.South.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr3.South.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr3.East.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr3.East.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr3.West.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr3.West.red=30.0
+# Intersection 3 (Path to exit - favor East)
+trafficlight.Cr3.South.green=60.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.South.red=5.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.West.green=60.0
+trafficlight.Cr3.West.red=5.0
 
-# Intersection 4
-trafficlight.Cr4.North.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr4.North.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr4.South.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr4.South.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr4.East.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr4.East.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr4.West.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr4.West.red=30.0
+# Intersection 4 (Favor East toward Cr5)
+trafficlight.Cr4.East.green=60.0
+trafficlight.Cr4.East.red=5.0
+
+# Intersection 5 (Near exit - favor East)
+trafficlight.Cr5.East.green=60.0
+trafficlight.Cr5.East.red=5.0
 
-# Intersection 5
-trafficlight.Cr5.North.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr5.North.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr5.South.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr5.South.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr5.East.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr5.East.red=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr5.West.green=30.0
-trafficlight.Cr5.West.red=30.0
 
 # === VEHICLE CONFIGURATION ===
 # Probability distribution for vehicle types (must sum to 1.0)
@@ -103,11 +86,19 @@ vehicle.probability.light=0.6
 vehicle.probability.heavy=0.2
 
 # Average crossing times (in seconds)
-vehicle.crossing.time.bike=1.5
+vehicle.crossing.time.bike=1.0
 vehicle.crossing.time.light=2.0
 vehicle.crossing.time.heavy=4.0
 
+# Travel times between intersections (in seconds)
+# Base time for light vehicles (cars)
+vehicle.travel.time.base=1.0
+# Bike travel time = 0.5 × car travel time
+vehicle.travel.time.bike.multiplier=0.5
+# Heavy vehicle travel time = 4.0 x base travel time
+vehicle.travel.time.heavy.multiplier=4.0
+
 # === STATISTICS ===
 
 # Interval between dashboard updates (seconds)
-statistics.update.interval=10.0
+statistics.update.interval=0.1

main/start.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Distributed Traffic Simulation Startup Script
+
+# kill java
+echo "-> Cleaning up existing processes..."
+pkill -9 java 2>/dev/null
+sleep 2
+
+# build
+echo "-> Building project..."
+cd "$(dirname "$0")"
+mvn package -DskipTests -q
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+    echo "XXX Build failed! XXX"
+    exit 1
+fi
+echo "-> Build complete"
+echo ""
+
+# start gui
+echo "-> Starting JavaFX Dashboard..."
+mvn javafx:run &
+DASHBOARD_PID=$!
+sleep 3
+
+# acho que é assim idk
+echo "-> Starting 5 Intersection processes..."
+for id in Cr1 Cr2 Cr3 Cr4 Cr5; do
+    java -cp target/classes:target/main-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar sd.IntersectionProcess $id > /tmp/$(echo $id | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]').log 2>&1 &
+    echo "[SUCCESS] Started $id"
+done
+sleep 2
+
+# exit
+echo "-> Starting Exit Node..."
+java -cp target/classes:target/main-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar sd.ExitNodeProcess > /tmp/exit.log 2>&1 &
+sleep 1
+
+# coordinator
+echo "-> Starting Coordinator..."
+java -cp target/classes:target/main-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar sd.coordinator.CoordinatorProcess > /tmp/coordinator.log 2>&1 &
+sleep 1
+
+echo ""
+echo "-> All processes started!"
+echo ""
+echo "-> System Status:"
+ps aux | grep "java.*sd\." | grep -v grep | wc -l | xargs -I {} echo "   {} Java processes running"
+echo ""
+echo "   IMPORTANT: Keep the JavaFX Dashboard window OPEN for 60+ seconds"
+echo "   to see live updates! The simulation runs for 60 seconds."
+echo ""
+echo "-> Logs available at:"
+echo "   Dashboard: Check JavaFX window (live updates)"
+echo "   Intersections: /tmp/cr*.log"
+echo "   Exit Node: /tmp/exit.log"
+echo "   Coordinator: /tmp/coordinator.log"
+echo ""
+echo "-> To stop all processes: pkill -9 java"
+echo ""